Role of diet in absorption and toxicity of oral cadmium- A review of literature

The role of diet or its components in the absorption, distribution and toxicity of cadmium (Cd) has received attention in recent times. Experimental evidence in literature strongly suggests that theabsorption of Cd is dependent on factors such as age, pH, diet and intestinal metallothionein (MT) production. The chemical forms of Cd such as Cd-MT in foods or inorganic Cd administered directly in foods or drinking water have also been considered in literature. The bioavailability or absorption of Cd as Cd-MT in foods has been shown in many reports to have decreased in relation to Cd administered directly as inorganic Cd in drinking water or foods. However, some other studies have reportedcontrary findings. Although research evidence has indicated that the type or components of a diet may also influence the absorption or toxicity of Cd irrespective of the chemical form involved. Diets low in proteins, minerals and certain vitamins have been reported to increase Cd absorption and toxicity. Conversely, diets rich in fibres have the reverse effect. The lack of conclusive information on the availability of Cd in Cd-MT for intestinal uptake in relation to that of ionic Cd is noticeable, and as a result there is a great need for further studies in this area. Also, since humans are usually exposed to Cd-MT in foods and rarely to inorganic Cd, the toxicity of food-incorporated Cd deserves further investigation, in view of the observed differences in tissue accumulation from these forms of Cd

A comparative study on the biochemical effect of ocular and oral cadmium administration in rabbits

The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of oral and ocular exposure to cadmium for one and three months on some biochemical parameters using rabbits as animal model. The results obtained show that the kidney, femoral muscle, femur and brain of rabbits ocularly exposed to Cd had a significantly higher concentration of Cd relative to that of those administered the metal orally after both periods, except for the liver which was significantly lower. There was a significantly higher membrane lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the kidney of the one and three months exposed rabbits after both oral and ocular exposure to Cd relative to control with a corresponding decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Irrespective of theroute and time of exposure to the metal, the activity of SOD and CAT were significantly higher in the brain relative to the control, but the level of LPO was not significantly altered. Liver damage induced by oral cadmium after one and three months exposure was clearly shown by the increased activities of plasma hepatic marker enzymes namely, L-aspartate aminotransferase activity (L-AST), L-alanine aminotransferase activity (L-ALT), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) along with increased level of LPO indices and a corresponding decrease in the activities of SOD and CAT in the liver. Similarly, liver damage induced by ocular exposure to Cd for one month was manifested as increased plasma L-AST, L-ALT and ALP activities with an increased LPO and a corresponding decrease in the activities of SOD and CAT in the liver. However, the plasma parameters did not significantly change after three months of exposure to ocular Cd, except plasma ALP activity which remained significantly higher. The liver LPO was also not significantly different from the control after three monthsexposure to ocular Cd, although the SOD and CAT activities significantly decreased. Thus the major finding of the present study was that in relation to ocular exposure, oral exposure to Cd was more toxic to the liver at theend of three months of exposure

Antigenotoxicity and antioxidant activities of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) accessions from different parts of Nigeria

Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) plant is a tree species that is highly cultivated in Nigeria for its nutritive and therapeutic values. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant and antigenotoxicity effects (in vitro) of 52 accessions of V. amygdalina collected from six geopolitical zones of Nigeria (North East, North West, North Central, South South, East and West) by evaluating the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO-) scavenging antioxidant activities, flavonoid and phenolic contents as well as ethidium bromide-induced DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) damage of bitter leaf. The results showed that accessions MN628016 (Oshimili South, Delta State) and MN628010 (Akoko Edo, Edo State), respectively had higher amounts of flavonoid (287.19 mg/g/FW) and phenolic (307.90 mg/g/FW) contents. The accessions MN627984 (Ikpoba Okha, Edo State) and MN627975 (Owerri, Imo State) had the highest nitric oxide (85.73%) and DPPH radical scavenging inhibitory effect (98.92%). The highest percentage fragmented DNA (45.05%), was observed in Allium cepa roots homogenised and mixed with ethidium bromide followed by the A. cepa roots homogenised and mixed with the leaf extract of V. amygdalina accession MN627977 (36.12%). However, V. amygdalina accessions MN628008 (457.62%, Warri North, Delta State) had the highest percentage increase of fragmented DNA followed by MN628024 (395.04%, Oshimili North, Delta State), MN628015 (345.54%; Aniocha North, Delta State) and MN627984 (342.04%; Ikpoba Okha, Edo State) while accession MN628010 (7.32%; Akoko Edo, Edo State) had the lowest. Accession MN628010 which possessed the highest amount of phenolic content had the lowest percentage increase of fragmented DNA and accession MN627984 which possessed the highest nitric oxide radical scavenging inhibitory effect was among the accessions with the highest percentage increase of fragmented DNA. The findings of this study suggest that the observed lowest percentage of fragmented DNA of A. cepa roots growth induced with the solution of ethidium bromide and treated with V. amygdalina accessions MN628010 extracts (antigenotoxic) could be as a result of the high antioxidant activities in the V. amygdalina accessions. In summary, the findings of this study showed that the 52 V. amygdalina accessions obtained from different locations of Nigeria will help to combat ethidium bromide induced genoxicities and any other genotoxicant that may lead to different complications in plant (A. cepa roots), as all the accessions possessed antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties, as such, possessed comparable amount of natural antioxidant activities and antigenotoxicity

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Parameters in Earthworm (Esiena fetida andrei); a Probable index of Environmental Pollution Status

Oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in earthworms were investigated for use as an index for environmental pollution. The study was done in three test locations (Refinery road, Okere market and PTI roundabout) in Warri an industrial city in Nigeria and Abraka a less industrial city as control. Levels of five stress and antioxidant parameters; lipid peroxidation (LPO), aldehyde oxidase (AO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT) and ascorbic acid (Vit. C.) were used. There was observed significant (p<0.05) rise in LPO (5.83\ub10.456, 5.83\ub10.456, 4.04\ub10.58, 4.25\ub10.475, 2.09\ub10.425), oxidative enzyme (AO) levels (0.011\ub10.00012, 0.008\ub10.0021, 0.0058\ub10.0013, 0.0022\ub10.00009) and increase in activities and levels of the antioxidants (SOD: 24.0\ub13.80, 12.0\ub13.80, 16.0\ub14.62, 5.6\ub12.8; CAT: 0.98\ub10.013, 1.08\ub10.061, 0.95\ub10.018, 0.93\ub10.0125 and Vit. C: 0.175\ub10.0172, 0.118\ub10.0148, 0.109\ub10.014, 0.072\ub10.004) respectively in all study locations in Warri compared to Abraka. These changes were significantly higher in refinery road compared to other locations (Okere market and PTI) in Warri. There were also significant (p<0.05) negative relationship between LPO and SOD activities (r=-0.677), AO and CAT(r=-0.718) as well as AO and SOD(r=0.661) activities respectively only in the refinery road area while no significant change (p>0.05) were reported in other locations. The combined data showed significant negative relationship (p<0.01) between LPO and AO(r=-0.719) and a significant positive relationship (p<0.01) between LPO and (SOD r=0.710, Vit C r=.884). It further showed significant (p<0.01) negative relationship between AO and CAT (r=-0.486), SOD and Vit C (r=-.648), and significant (p<0.01) positive relationship between Vitamin C and (SOD r=-0.865, CAT r=0.785). It was concluded that rise in levels of the studied antioxidants and LPO in earthworms found in Warri compared to Abraka may have occurred in response to industrial pollution, thus may be used for environmental monitoring

Effect of oral cadmium on haematological indices and liver function of adult male rats: implications for Warri river cadmium level

No abstract availabl

Evaluation of the toxic effect of Mansonia altisima extract after short term oral administration to rats

The effect of ethanolic extract of Mansonia altisima on biochemical and haematological parameters was examined using the rat as animal model. Female Wistar albino rats (105.00 ± 2.30g) were distributed into control and three test groups, with ten rats in each group. The test rats were treated orally by intubations with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0g of the extrac kg body weight of the rat respectively. Control rats were administered the same volume of distilled water. Rats administered the highest dose of the extract had a significantly higher (P0.05) different from each other, but were significantly (P0.05) difference was observed in plasma creatinine and urea of rats in all exposure groups. The plasma uric acid concentration of the test groups were not significantly (P>0.05) different from each other but were significantly (

Effects Of Cadmium And Zinc Ions On Purified Lamb Kidney Cortex Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) is the first enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway. Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that inhibits several enzymes. Zinc is an essential metal but overdoses of zinc have toxic effects on enzyme activities. In this study G-6-PD from lamb kidney cortex was competitively inhibited by zinc both with respect to glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) and NADP(+) with Ki values of 1.066 +/- 0.106 and 0.111 +/- 0.007 mM respectively whereas cadmium was a non-competitive inhibitor with respect to both G-6-P and NADP+ Ki values of 2.028 +/- 0.175 and 2.044 +/- 0.289 mM respectively.WoSScopu