Pengembangan Data Geospasial Untuk Sistem Informasi Perizinan Lahan Pertambangan (Simpelt) Berbasis Webgis (Studi Kasus: Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan)

Badan Informasi Geospasial (BIG) menunjukkan bahwa sistem pengelolaan data perizinan lahan oleh instansi pemerintah multi-sektor di Indonesia belum terintegrasi, karena perbedaan referensi, skala, format, dan sistem koordinat. Oleh sebab itu, basis data geospasial dari multi-sektor sangat diperlukan integrasi dalam satu sistem berbasis WebGIS untuk menghindari konflik penguasaan lahan yang disebabkan adanya tumpang tindih area usaha. Kontribusi utama dari penelitian ini adalah berupa purwarupa informasi geospasial perizinan lahan berbasis WebGIS yang dapat mengintegrasikan basis data spasial dari tiap instansi terkait di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Metodologi yang digunakan untuk pengembangan purwarupa adalah System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Sistem dikembangkan dengan mengintegrasikan perangkat lunak lisensi berbayar dan lisensi bebas. Pengembangan sistem memanfaatkan keunggulan ArcMap untuk pengolahan data spasial dengan atribut, PostGIS untuk integrasi penyimpanan basis data spasial dan Pmapper untuk visualisasi basis data spasial ke WebGIS melalui layanan Web Mapping Service (WMS) yang mengkoneksikan PostGIS ke Pmapper. Dengan mengintegrasikan basis data spasial yang akurat dari instansi multi-sektor terkait di Sulawesi Selatan, purwarupa dapat berbagi informasi geospasial untuk meminimalisir potensi konflik dalam perizinan lahan pertambangan ==================================================================================================== Geospatial Information Agency (BIG) shown that the data management systems of land permits which are currently implemented by multi-sector governmental institution in Indonesia have not been integrated yet, indicated by different of references, scale, format, and coordinate system. Therefore the single geospatial database is strongly needed for data integration in a WebGIS-based system for avoiding ownership conflict especially in overlapped business areas. The main contribution of this study was a WebGIS-based of land permits geospatial information system prototype which could be integrated with a database for each institution in Province of South Sulawesi. The method which used for development of prototype was based on System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). The system was developed by integrating applications of open-source and proprietary software. The development process exploited the superiority of ArcMap for processing and analyzing spatial data and its attributes, PostGIS for spatial database storage integration and Pmapper for visualizing spatial database as WebGIS services through Web Mapping Service (WMS) which connects a PostGIS with Pmapper. By integrating an accurate spatial data provided by related multi-sector institutions in South Sulawesi, this prototype could be sharing of geospatial information to minimize the potential conflict in mining land permit

Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Uses of Polyvalent Meningococcal Vaccines in Niger: An Agent-Based Transmission Modeling Study.

Background. Despite the introduction of an effective serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MenAfriVac™), sporadic epidemics of other Neisseria meningitidis serogroups remain a concern in Africa. Polyvalent meningococcal conjugate (PMC) vaccines may offer alternatives to current strategies that rely on routine infant vaccination with MenAfriVac plus, in the event of an epidemic, district-specific reactive campaigns using polyvalent meningococcal polysaccharide (PMP) vaccines. Methods. We developed an agent-based transmission model of N. meningitidis in Niger to compare the health effects and costs of current vaccination practice and 3 alternatives. Each alternative replaces MenAfriVac in the infant vaccination series with PMC and either replaces PMP with PMC for reactive campaigns or implements a one-time catch up campaign with PMC for children and young adults. Results. Over a 28-year period, replacement of MenAfriVac with PMC in the infant immunization series and of PMP in reactive campaigns would avert 63% of expected cases (95% prediction interval 49%-75%) if elimination of serogroup A is not followed by serogroup replacement. At a PMC price of $4/dose, this would cost$1412 ($81-$3510) per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted. If serogroup replacement occurs, the cost-effectiveness of this strategy improves to $662 (cost-saving,$2473) per DALY averted. Sensitivity analyses accounting for incomplete laboratory confirmation suggest that a catch-up PMC campaign would also meet standard cost-effectiveness thresholds. Limitations. The assumption that polyvalent vaccines offer similar protection against all serogroups is simplifying. Conclusions. The use of PMC vaccines to replace MenAfriVac in routine infant immunization and in district-specific reactive campaigns would have important health benefits and is likely to be cost-effective in Niger. An additional PMC catch-up campaign would also be cost-effective if we account for incomplete laboratory reporting.PAT

Diagnosis of osteoporosis from dental panoramic radiographs using the support vector machine method in a computer-aided system

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Early diagnosis of osteoporosis can potentially decrease the risk of fractures and improve the quality of life. Detection of thin inferior cortices of the mandible on dental panoramic radiographs could be useful for identifying postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density (BMD) or osteoporosis. The aim of our study was to assess the diagnostic efficacy of using kernel-based support vector machine (SVM) learning regarding the cortical width of the mandible on dental panoramic radiographs to identify postmenopausal women with low BMD.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We employed our newly adopted SVM method for continuous measurement of the cortical width of the mandible on dental panoramic radiographs to identify women with low BMD or osteoporosis. The original X-ray image was enhanced, cortical boundaries were determined, distances among the upper and lower boundaries were evaluated and discrimination was performed by a radial basis function. We evaluated the diagnostic efficacy of this newly developed method for identifying women with low BMD (BMD T-score of -1.0 or less) at the lumbar spine and femoral neck in 100 postmenopausal women (≥50 years old) with no previous diagnosis of osteoporosis. Sixty women were used for system training, and 40 were used in testing.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The sensitivity and specificity using RBF kernel-SVM method for identifying women with low BMD were 90.9% [95% confidence interval (CI), 85.3-96.5] and 83.8% (95% CI, 76.6-91.0), respectively at the lumbar spine and 90.0% (95% CI, 84.1-95.9) and 69.1% (95% CI, 60.1-78.6), respectively at the femoral neck. The sensitivity and specificity for identifying women with low BMD at either the lumbar spine or femoral neck were 90.6% (95% CI, 92.0-100) and 80.9% (95% CI, 71.0-86.9), respectively.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results suggest that the newly developed system with the SVM method would be useful for identifying postmenopausal women with low skeletal BMD.</p

Cholera Toxin B Subunits Assemble into Pentamers - Proposition of a Fly-Casting Mechanism

The cholera toxin B pentamer (CtxB5), which belongs to the AB5 toxin family, is used as a model study for protein assembly. The effect of the pH on the reassembly of the toxin was investigated using immunochemical, electrophoretic and spectroscopic methods. Three pH-dependent steps were identified during the toxin reassembly: (i) acquisition of a fully assembly-competent fold by the CtxB monomer, (ii) association of CtxB monomer into oligomers, (iii) acquisition of the native fold by the CtxB pentamer. The results show that CtxB5 and the related heat labile enterotoxin LTB5 have distinct mechanisms of assembly despite sharing high sequence identity (84%) and almost identical atomic structures. The difference can be pinpointed to four histidines which are spread along the protein sequence and may act together. Thus, most of the toxin B amino acids appear negligible for the assembly, raising the possibility that assembly is driven by a small network of amino acids instead of involving all of them

Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. Methods: Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. Findings: In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500–564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6·1% (5·8–6·5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9·3% [8·7–9·9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12·3% [11·5–13·0]). Nationally, Qatar had the world's highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76·1% (73·1–79·5) in individuals aged 75–79 years. Total diabetes prevalence—especially among older adults—primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96·0% (95·1–96·8) of diabetes cases and 95·4% (94·9–95·9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52·2% (25·5–71·8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24·3% (18·5–30·4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1·31 billion (1·22–1·39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16·8% (16·1–17·6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11·3% (10·8–11·9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43·6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. Interpretation: Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

KAJIAN UPDATING PETA STATUS TUTUPAN LAHAN MANGROVE DENGAN ALGORITMA MACHINE LEARNING DAN INDEKS VEGETASI DI KABUPATEN BERAU

Pemetaan esktraterestris dengan teknologi satelit penginderaan jauh memberikan kemudahan klasifikasi land use land cover (LULC) pada area yang luas secara multitemporal dengan keunggulan meminimalisir waktu dan biaya. Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang updating peta status tutupan lahan mangrove berupa sebaran, luasan, dan tingkat kerapatan kanopi menggunakan algoritma machine learning dan indeks vegetasi di wilayah pesisir Kecamatan Pulau Derawan Kabupaten Berau sebagai daerah pendukung program blue carbon. Area studi penelitian ini menggunakan data Citra Sentinel 2B multitemporal untuk memperoleh informasi peta LULC, perubahan perkembangan lahan, dan ekosistem mangrove. Hasil pemetaan LULC menggunakan reflektan multispektral Sentinel menunjukkan akurasi minimum pada tingkat OA = 81% dan kappa = 2.00. Adapun  tingkat kerapatan hasil algoritma GNDVI keseluruhan dengan nilai kerapatan berkisar antara 1 - 9 Nilai tersebut dibagi kedalam 1 kelas non vegetasi (≤ 3) dan 4 kelas kerapatan vegetasi yang bervariasi dengan status tingkat kerapatan jarang (≤ 5), sedang (≤ 7), lebat (≤ 8), dan sangat lebat (≤ 9). Perkembangan  DUDI (Dunia Usaha dan Dunia Industri) dalam sektor perkebunan maupun tambak di Kecamatan Pulau Derawan membuat perubahan signifikan terhadap LULC dan sebaran mangrove. Dari tahun 2018 hingga 2022,  terdapat 15.21% lahan mangrove menjadi lahan tanaman dan lahan basah, 6.25% lahan tanaman dan 8.30% lahan basah menjadi lahan kering, 34.24% lahan kering menjadi lahan tanaman, sedangkan lahan terbangun mengalami kenaikan 114.57%. Penurunan yang luar biasa dari hutan mangrove dapat terjadi di tanah pedalaman sepanjang wilayah pesisir yang dikonversi menjadi lahan perkebunan sawit. Untungnya, kawasan mangrove pesisir mengalami sedikit penurunan yang signifikan karena dampak antropogenik dari kegiatan DUDI yang menyebabkan deforestasi dapat sebagian dikompensasi oleh program pengelolaan konservatif hutan mangrove berorientasi masyarakat lokal yang sedang dikembangkan