Evidence-based guidelines for use of probiotics in preterm neonates

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Current evidence indicates that probiotic supplementation significantly reduces all-cause mortality and definite necrotising enterocolitis without significant adverse effects in preterm neonates. As the debate about the pros and cons of routine probiotic supplementation continues, many institutions are satisfied with the current evidence and wish to use probiotics routinely. Because of the lack of detail on many practical aspects of probiotic supplementation, clinician-friendly guidelines are urgently needed to optimise use of probiotics in preterm neonates.</p> <p>Aim</p> <p>To develop evidence-based guidelines for probiotic supplementation in preterm neonates.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To develop core guidelines on use of probiotics, including strain selection, dose and duration of supplementation, we primarily used the data from our recent updated systematic review of randomised controlled trials. For equally important issues including strain identification, monitoring for adverse effects, product format, storage and transport, and regulatory hurdles, a comprehensive literature search, covering the period 1966-2010 without restriction on the study design, was conducted, using the databases PubMed and EMBASE, and the proceedings of scientific conferences; these data were used in our updated systematic review.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this review, we present guidelines, including level of evidence, for the practical aspects (for example, strain selection, dose, duration, clinical and laboratory surveillance) of probiotic supplementation, and for dealing with non-clinical but important issues (for example, regulatory requirements, product format). Evidence was inadequate in some areas, and these should be a target for further research.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We hope that these evidence-based guidelines will help to optimise the use of probiotics in preterm neonates. Continued research is essential to provide answers to the current gaps in knowledge about probiotics.</p

Pattern recognition receptors in immune disorders affecting the skin.

Contains fulltext : 109004.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) evolved to protect organisms against pathogens, but excessive signaling can induce immune responses that are harmful to the host. Putative PRR dysfunction is associated with numerous immune disorders that affect the skin, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome, and primary inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. As yet, the evidence is often confined to genetic association studies without additional proof of a causal relationship. However, insight into the role of PRRs in the pathophysiology of some disorders has already resulted in new therapeutic approaches based on immunomodulation of PRRs

Images in Medicine - Fryns Syndrome

A 17-year-old (G1P) Australian aboriginal mother delivered a male neonate weighing 2400 grams following a spontaneous vaginal delivery at term. Antenatal scan at 29 weeks' gestation had shown congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) along with multiple anomalies suggestive of Fryns syndrome (Figure 1, 2). There was no polyhydramnios. Karyotyping was normal and alpha-foetoprotein was in normal range. The neonate was electively intubated in view of CDH (Apgar scores: 3 and 5 at 1 and 5 minutes respectively). Clinical examination revealed multiple congenital anomalies associated with right-sided CDH suggestive of Fryns syndrome. They included coarse facial features, hypertelorism, corneal clouding, broad nasal root, absent malformed right ear, rudimentary left ear with absent external auditory canal, very short neck, and a scaphoid abdomen due to the large CDH with herniation of liver in the thoracic cavity. The limb abnormalities included absent right radius, clinodactly, hypoplasia of the thumb, and long slender fingers, simian crease on right hand, and increased space between first and second toes. There were 11 ribs bilaterally and hemivertebrae were noted at C6 and T1 level. Echocardiography revealed large ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect and left pulmonary artery could not be visualised. Head ultrasound revealed dilated lateral ventricles whereas renal scan was normal. Death occurred at 18 hours of age after withdrawal of life support following failure of maximal medical therapy for pulmonary hypoplasia with severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Withdrawal of life support was delayed mainly to allow appropriate counselling of the mother. Autopsy was not done as per the wish of the mother. There was no history of similar problems in the family

Reducing necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants using quality-improvement methods

OBJECTIVE: Due to a rise in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC, stage ≥2) among very low birth weight (VLBW, birth weight <1500g) infants from 4% in 2005-6 to 10% in 2007-8, we developed and implemented quality improvement (QI) initiatives. The objective was to evaluate the impact of QI initiatives on NEC incidence in VLBW infants. STUDY DESIGN: In September 2009 we developed a NEC QI multidisciplinary team that conducted literature reviews and reviewed practices from other institutions to develop a feeding protocol, which was implemented in December 2009. The team tracked intervention compliance and occurrence of NEC stage ≥2. In May 2010 we reviewed our nasogastric tube practice and relevant literature to develop a second intervention that reduced nasogastric tube indwelling time. The infants were divided into three groups: baseline (Jan 2008-Nov 2009, n219), QI phase 1 (Dec 2009-May 2010, n62), and QI phase 2 (June 2010-Nov 2011, n170). RESULT: The NEC incidence did not decrease after implementation of the feeding protocol in QI phase 1 (19.4%), but did decline significantly after changing nasogastric tube management in QI phase 2 (2.9%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between QI phase and the incidence of NEC. CONCLUSION: QI initiatives were effective in decreasing NEC incidence in our high human milk-feeding NICU. Nasogastric tube bacterial contamination may have contributed to our peak in NEC incidence