Juan Ramón Jiménez en los primeros años del siglo XX

OBJECTIVE: Experimental findings support clinical evidence that brain death impairs the viability of organs for transplantation, triggering hemodynamic, hormonal, and inflammatory responses. However, several of these events could be consequences of brain death-associated trauma. This study investigated microcirculatory alterations and systemic inflammatory markers in brain-dead rats and the influence of the associated trauma. METHOD: Brain death was induced using intracranial balloon inflation; sham-operated rats were trepanned only. After 30 or 180 min, the mesenteric microcirculation was observed using intravital microscopy. The expression of Pselectin and ICAM-1 on the endothelium was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. The serum cytokine, chemokine, and corticosterone levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. White blood cell counts were also determined. RESULTS: Brain death resulted in a decrease in the mesenteric perfusion to 30%, a 2.6-fold increase in the expression of ICAM-1 and leukocyte migration at the mesentery, a 70% reduction in the serum corticosterone level and pronounced leukopenia. Similar increases in the cytokine and chemokine levels were seen in the both the experimental and control animals. CONCLUSION: The data presented in this study suggest that brain death itself induces hypoperfusion in the mesenteric microcirculation that is associated with a pronounced reduction in the endogenous corticosterone level, thereby leading to increased local inflammation and organ dysfunction. These events are paradoxically associated with induced leukopenia after brain damag

Dendranthema grandiflorum, a hybrid ornamental plant, is a source of larvicidal compounds against Aedes aegypti larvae

Abstract In hybrid cultivated form, Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam., Asteraceae, flowers (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) were utilized in the production of extracts, which were analyzed for larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti third instar larvae. Methanol and dichloromethane extracts showed LC50 values of 5.02 and 5.93 ppm, respectively. Using GC–MS, phytochemical analyses of the dichloromethane extract showed the presence of triterpenoids and fatty acids, while flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids were shown to occur in the methanol extract by ESI Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MS). Triterpenoids and fatty acids are well known insecticidal compounds. From this study, it can be concluded that D. grandiflorum grown for floriculture, as an agribusiness, can have additional applications as raw material for the production of insecticidal products

Judicialização da saúde, acesso à justiça e a efetividade do direito à saúde Judicialization of the right to health, access to justice and the effectiveness of the right to health

Este artigo busca analisar os vínculos entre acesso à justiça e a efetividade de um dos aspectos do direito à saúde: o acesso aos medicamentos. Inicialmente, apresenta os desafios e as dificuldades na conceituação de saúde e do direito à saúde. Em seguida, analisa processos judiciais individuais que reivindicam dos entes públicos o fornecimento de medicamentos, no período de junho de 2007 a julho de 2008, no Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Constata-se que a prescrição médica individual, a hipossuficiência econômica e a urgência dos demandantes ao acesso aos medicamentos são os principais respaldos das decisões judiciais analisadas, que determinam o fornecimento de medicamento conforme requerido pelos autores. Conclui-se que a efetividade do direito à saúde requer um conjunto de respostas políticas e ações governamentais mais amplas, e não meramente formais e restritas às ordens judiciais. As demandas judiciais não podem ser consideradas como principal instrumento deliberativo na gestão da assistência farmacêutica no SUS, mas admitidas como um elemento importante na tomada de decisão dos gestores e, muitas vezes, na melhoria do acesso aos medicamentos no âmbito do SUS. No contexto democrático brasileiro, a judicialização pode expressar reivindicações e modos de atuação legítimos de cidadãos e de instituições. O principal desafio é formular estratégias políticas e sociais orquestradas com outros mecanismos e instrumentos de garantia democrática, que aperfeiçoem os sistemas de saúde e de justiça com vistas à efetividade do direito à saúde.<br>This paper aims to analyze the links between access to justice and the effectiveness of one aspect of the right to health: access to medicines. It initially presents the challenges and difficulties in the conceptualization of health and right to health, and then analyzes individual lawsuits demanding medicines against public services, from June 2007 to July 2008, entered at Rio de Janeiro State Court of Appeals. It appears that the medical drug prescription, the economic conditions of the applicants and the urgency of access to medicines are the main factual basis of judicial sentences examined, which determine the supply of medicines as required by the authors. Finally, it concludes that the effectiveness of the right to health requires a set of policy and broader government actions, and not merely formal and restrictive court orders. The individual's claims cannot be considered as the main deliberative instrument in the management of pharmaceutical care in the Brazilian Health System, but accepted as an important element in the decision making of managers and, often, in the improvement of the access to medicines under National Health System. In the Brazilian democratic context, the judicialization can express demands and modes of action of citizens and legitimate institutions. Thus, the main challenge is to make policy and social strategies orchestrated with other mechanisms and instruments of democratic security, to improve health and justice systems in order to give effectiveness to the right to health

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