Diálogo sobre a mulher entre Madame Chrysanthème e Afrânio Peixoto na década de 1930 – Fronteiras

This work analyzes the images of women in the literary works Eunice or A Educação da Mulher, written by Afrânio Peixoto (1936), and A Infanta Carlota Joaquina, written by Madam Chrysanthème (1937). In our perception, the authors issue competing views on the on the women’s status in society, both stress modes of conduct distinguished models that imprint or denounce, calling into question educational models to women moving the discussions on what to sanction. Although listening to what the other says, they do not dialogue to each other directly, but to their age, each one trying to intervene, from their own assumptions, in the ongoing changes. The images about women produced by the authors bring together possibilities of expressions that capture the female practices in the society of that period. While Afrânio Peixoto is committed to the permanence of women’s allocation in the spaces traditionally intended for them, Madam Chrysanthème is dedicated to cause discomforts for these naturalized spaces. Taking into consideration that all speech implies the possibility of destructuring-restructuring networks the ways through which they are established, putting into cause the meanings generated, we made the two authors converse, observing the ways how they organize their speech, tensioned by institutional mechanisms that surround them. Thus, we analyzed the scope of the discursive arrangements forged by them, the elements they trigger against and the ones they direct their efforts towards. In this way, we seek to identify dialogues, interferences, institutional, educational, interpersonal and social ways of presence, which are in game in the negotiations about the representations of women in that period, in order to reflect about the clashes operated by the authors.Keywords: Afrânio Peixoto, Madam Chrysanthème, image of woman, 1930s.Este trabalho investiga as imagens sobre as mulheres nas obras literárias Eunice ou A Educação da Mulher, de Afrânio Peixoto (1936), e A Infanta Carlota Joaquina, de Madame Chrysanthème (1937). Em nossa percepção, os autores emitem concepções concorrentes sobre a condição da mulher na sociedade, ambas salientam modos de conduta distinguidos nos modelos que imprimem ou denunciam, colocando em causa modelos de educação às mulheres movimentando os debates sobre quais sancionar. Embora ouçam o que o outro diz, não dialogam diretamente, mas com seu tempo histórico, cada qual tentando intervir, a partir dos próprios pressupostos, nas mudanças em curso. As imagens produzidas pelos autores sobre as mulheres polarizam possibilidades de captura de expressões de práticas femininas na sociedade de então. Enquanto Afrânio Peixoto está comprometido com a permanência da alocação da mulher nos espaços tradicionalmente destinados a elas, Chrysanthème dedica-se a provocar desconfortos quanto aos espaços que lhes são naturalizados. Considerando que todo discurso implica a possibilidade desestruturação-reestruturação das redes e dos trajetos através dos quais se institui, colocando em causa os sentidos gerados, colocamos os autores em diálogo, observando os modos como arranjam seus discursos, tensionados pelos aparatos institucionais que os cercam. Desse modo, analisamos o escopo dos arranjos discursivos por eles forjados, os elementos contra os quais disparam e a respeito dos quais empreendem seus esforços. Assim, procuramos identificar interlocuções, interferências, modos de presença conjunturais, institucionais, educacionais, sociais e interpessoais, em jogo nas negociações operadas a respeito das representações sobre as mulheres no período, para refletir acerca dos enfrentamentos operados pelos autores. Palavras-chave: Afrânio Peixoto, Mme. Chrysanthème, imagens das mulheres, anos de 1930

Influence of religious orientation in the quality of life of active elderly

OBJECTIVE: Identify forms of religious orientation, if intrinsic or extrinsic, and possible relations to the quality of life for active seniors and to understand the manifestations of the religious phenomenon for adequate clinical practices on the challenges of senior care. METHODS: The sample comprised 60 active elderly, attending supporting groups, in the city of São José dos Campos, SP. We used the instruments: generic questionnaire Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), to assess the quality of life, and the Intrinsic-Extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale, as well as an interview guided by a socio-demographic questionnaire, developed by the researchers. Data were statistically treated using the bilateral Student t-test, to a confidence level of 5%. RESULTS: We evaluated 11 men (18%) and 49 women (82%), aged 61-85 years. There was no statistically significant difference in all areas of the SF-36 among women with intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity. Only statistically significant difference was found among men in the field General Health, which was considered better among those with intrinsic religious. CONCLUSION: Overall, there were no significant relationships between religious orientation and quality of life. This may suggest that these results are due to the fact that the study population participates in support groups, and live in a city with high level of futurity, feeling supported in the aspects of protection, participation and health.OBJETIVO: Identificar modalidades de orientação religiosa, se intrínseca ou extrínseca, e possíveis relações com a qualidade de vida de idosos ativos, além de compreender as manifestações do fenômeno religioso para uma adequada atuação clínica nos desafios das práticas do atendimento ao idoso. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta de 60 idosos ativos, frequentadores de grupos de convivência na cidade de São José dos Campos, SP. Foram aplicados dois instrumentos: questionário genérico Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), para avaliar a qualidade de vida, e Escala de Orientação Religiosa Intrínseca e Extrínseca, além de entrevista orientada por um questionário sociodemográfico, elaborado pelas pesquisadoras. Os dados foram tratados estatisticamente utilizando o teste t Student bilateral, a um nível de confiança de 5%. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 11 homens (18%) e 49 mulheres (82%), com idade entre 61 e 85 anos. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa em todos os domínios relacionados do SF-36 entre as mulheres com religiosidade intrínseca e extrínseca. Entre os homens, somente foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa no domínio estado geral de saúde, que foi considerado melhor entre aqueles com religiosidade intrínseca. CONCLUSÃO: De modo geral, não se verificaram relações significativas entre a orientação religiosa e a qualidade de vida. Pode-se aventar, diante disso, que esses resultados se devem ao fato de a população estudada participar de grupos de convivência e morar em cidade com alto nível de futuridade, sentindo-se amparada nos aspectos de proteção, participação e saúde.Centro de Estudos FirvalUniversidade Camilo Castelo BrancoUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Medicina TranslacionalUNIFESP, Depto. de Medicina TranslacionalSciEL

Spatial epidemiology of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in a municipality of west São Paulo State, Brazil

Background & objectives: In the last decade, in the state of São Paulo, 5898 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) were reported. This study was undertaken to analyze the epidemiology of CL in the municipality of Teodoro Sampaio, in São Paulo State, Brazil, based on a geographic approach, as very little is known of the relationship between CL and the spatial transformation process. Methods: This is a population-based quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional case study. Surveys of the official notifications in the healthcare center and official sources from 1998 to 2011 were analysed. The data were described based on statistics and the Kernel method to detect hotspots of transmission. Results: The age group between 21 and 40 yr was most affected, with 24 cases (57.9%). Of the 41 cases reported between 1998 and 2011, 33 cases were having low education status and 31 cases (75.6%) were males. The spatial and temporal distribution was aggregated in three-year periods which permitted the identification of two microfoci, in periods I (1998–2000) and III (2005–2007). Interpretation & conclusion: The disease has presented, in recent years, a pattern of sporadic transmission or microfoci, and continues to maintain enzootic cycles of Leishmania in a sylvatic environment, ensuring the perpetuation of the pathogen in nature, and the risk of emergence of new cases of CL in domestic animals and humans

Protective effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 in BALB/c mice infected with Toxocara canis

Human toxocariasis consists of chronic tissue parasitosis that is difficult to treat and control. This study aimed to evaluate the action of the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 on larvae of Toxocara canis and the effect of IFN-γ cytokine on parasite-host in vivo (1.109 CFU) and in vitro (1.106, 1.107, 1.108, 1.109 CFU) interactions. Four groups of six BALB/c mice were formed: G1 - L. acidophilus supplementation and T. canis infection; G2 - T. canis infection; G3 - L. acidophilus supplementation; and G4 - PBS administration. Mice were intragastrically suplemented with probiotics for 15 days before inoculation and 48 h after inoculation with 100 T. canis eggs. The inoculation of T. canis was also perfomed intragastrically. The recovery of larvae took place through digestion of liver and lung tissues; the evaluation of IFN-γ gene transcription in leukocytes was performed by qPCR. The in vitro test consisted of incubating the probiotic with T. canis larvae. The supplementation of probiotics produced a reduction of 57.7% (p = 0.025) in the intensity of infection of T. canis larvae in mice, whereas in the in vitro test, there was no larvicidal effect. In addition, a decrease in the IFN-γ gene transcription was observed in both, T. canis-infected and uninfected mice, regardless of whether or not they received supplementation. The probiotic L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 reduced T. canis infection intensity in mice, however, the probiotic did not have a direct effect on larvae, demonstrating the need of interaction with the host for the beneficial effect of the probiotic to occur. Yet, the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ did not apparently contributed to the observed beneficial effect of probiotics