Periods Of Weed Interference In Maize Crops Cultivated In The First And Second Cycles

The interference of weeds in maize production may be reflected in grain yield losses that vary as a function of the density, stage and degree of aggressiveness of the species present. In the agricultural ecosystem, crops and weeds demand light, water, nutrients and space, which are frequently not available in sufficient quantities, leading to competition. The aim of this work was to determine the period of interference of weed plants, in particular of naked crabgrass (Digitaria nuda) on maize crop in the first and second harvest. The treatments were defined as increasing periods of coexistence and increasing control of weed community (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 days), two more controls, a control including one with weed control until the end of the culture cycle and another with coexistence until the harvest. For each period, were evaluated the stand of maize plants, length of ear, number of grains per row, number of rows per ear, cob, 100-grain weight, and grain productivity. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance using the F test, with average treatments compared using Tukey's test at 5% probability. Crop productivity was evaluated by means of regressions, the critical periods of interference were estimated. The critical timing of weed removal was 25 days for both harvests. The critical weed free period was 54 and 27 days for the first and second harvest respectively. For the conditions of the first and second harvest, the critical period of weed control was of 29 and 2 days respectively.3752867287

A Study to Recruit and Train the Product oriented Sensory Panel

Food industry greatly depends on product quality and price. Sensory evaluation is a scientific method thathumans evaluate the eating quality parameters of food. The study was conducted to evaluate theperformances of the existing sensory panel, to recruit and train new members to sensory panel and toevaluate the performance of the product oriented sensory panel in the Industrial Technology Institute.Recruitment and training of product-oriented sensory panel was done according to the InternationalStandards 8586-1:1993. Initially 29 interested staff members, who were in good health, were selectedthrough a questionnaire from the same institute. Then they were subjected to several screening tests, namelybasic taste identification test, odour descriptive test, ranking test for the taste intensity, ranking test for thecolour intensity, matching test and texture descriptive test. Seventeen people who were selected from allscreening tests were trained in detection and recognition of tastes and odours, followed by discriminationtests (Paired comparison test, Duo-trio test and Triangle test) and three different scales (Category scale,Interval scale and Ratio scale). Results of the sensory evaluations and scales were statistically analyzed viaFriedman Two Way ANOVA rank sum test with SAS 9.0 software. The samples tested were significantlydifferent from each other (p<0.05) in each test and no significant difference occurred between the judgmentof the panelists. It concluded that they performed as a homogenous trained panel. Finally, sensory evaluationof black tea was conducted which was shelf life evaluation to evaluate the performance of the panelists witha real test samples. Data were analyzed via Friedman test and results revealed that all the panelistsperformed uniquely at 0.05 significance level. Therefore the recruited sensory panel was considered as atrained sensory panel and the outcome proved that the effectiveness of training and capability of chosen theproduct-oriented sensory panel.KYWORDS: Sensory evaluation, Recruitment, Standard, Quality, Intensit

Efficacy of pre-emergence herbicides in controlling Sumatran fleabane (Conyza sumatrensis) in the off-season

Received: February 1st, 2023 ; Accepted: May 7th, 2023 ; Published: May 19th, 2023 ; Correspondence: [email protected] herbicides can be effective in controlling Sumatran fleabane (Conyza sumatrensis [Retz.] E.Walker) at soybean and other crops. The goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of sulfentrazone/diuron, imazethapyr/flumioxazin, flumioxazin, diclosulam, s-metolachlor, imazethapyr, clomazone and imazapic/imazapyr in controlling Sumatran fleabane for application in the off-season before soybean planting. Three experiments were conducted in the off season, with 9 treatments. The control of Sumatran fleabane was evaluated at 28, 42 and 49 days after application (DAA), at 49 DAA was performed counting of plants per m2 . In experiment 1, the worst performance was found for s-metolachlor (58.3% final control), in a situation of lower emergence flow of Sumatran fleabane, with equivalence for the other herbicides. In experiments 2 and 3, with greater emergence flow of Sumatran fleabane, clomazone efficacy stood out (≥ 86.3% final control). A micro-encapsulated formulation of clomazone was used, which causes greater intoxication to this weed due to its slow release into the soil, and presents less loss to the environment. In conditions of lower emergence of Sumatran fleabane, sulfentrazone/diuron, imazethapyr/flumioxazin, flumioxazin, diclosulam, imazethapyr, clomazone and imazapic/imazapyr were effective in controlling it. Even in this condition, s-metolachlor was not effective in controlling Sumatran fleabane. The application of clomazone was effective in controlling Sumatran fleabane in the three experiments. Clomazone is characterized as an important herbicide for use in the off season in the management of this weed before soybean sowing

Do testosterone and human chorionic gonadotropin stimulate steroidogenesis in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicle in mare?

Avaliou-se o papel da gonadotrofina coriônica humana (hCG) e da testosterona na produção de progesterona (P4) e 17beta -estradiol (E2) pelas células da granulosa cultivadas in vitro de folículo antral de égua. Os tratamentos usados foram: 1- controle (nenhum hormônio adicionado), 2- 1UI hCG (0,3mig/ml) e 3- 10UI hCG (3,0mig/ml). O tratamento com hCG foi realizado na presença ou não de testosterona (144ng/ml). O meio foi coletado e substituído com 0,25, 3, 6, 12, 24 e 144h de cultivo. As concentrações de P4 e E2 foram mensuradas por radioimunoensaio. Não se observou diferença entre os tratamentos 1 e 3 quanto à produção de P4 e E2; o tratamento 1 resultou em aumento da concentração de progesterona após 24h de cultura (P<0,01), mas somente em presença de testosterona. A concentração de estradiol aumentou em presença de testosterona, alcançando concentração máxima com 6h de cultura (P<0,01), e diminuiu gradativamente, até atingir a concentração observada com 0,25h de cultura. A adição de hCG não influenciou a síntese do estradiol. A testosterona desempenhou importante efeito estimulador na síntese/secreção doe E2 pelas células da granulosa e modulou a ação do hormônio luteinizante na diferenciação e luteinização das células da granulosa de folículo antral presumidamente pré-ovulatório de égua in vitro.The role of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and testosterone was evaluated in the progesterone (P4) and estradiol-17beta (E2) production by granulosa cells of antral follicles from mare cultivated in vitro. The treatment (groups) with gonadotropin consisted of: 1- control (no added hormone); 2- 1 IU hCG (0.3mg/ml) and 3- 10 IU hCG (3.0mg/ml). The treatment with hCG was carried out in the presence or not of testosterone (144ng/ml). The culture medium was collected and replaced at 0.25, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 144h of culture. The concentrations of P4 and E2 were measured by radioimunoassay. Analyses of variance were used for P4 and E2, and mean of the factors were compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability. No difference was observed between 1 and 2 groups. Treatment with 1 IU of hCG increased progesterone concentration after 24h of culture (P<0.01), only in the presence of testosterone. The concentration of estradiol increased in the presence of testosterone, reaching maximum concentration with 6h of culture (P<0.01), and reduced gradually until the observed concentration at 0.25h of culture. The addition of hCG had no effect in the synthesis of this steroid. The testosterone modulates the action of the luteinizing hormone in the differentiation and luteinization of the granulosa cells and plays important estimulator effect in the synthesis/secretion of E2 by granulosa cells in vitro of presumptive pre-ovulatory antral follicle in mare

Model-based estimation of transmissibility and reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 P.1 variant

Acknowledgements We are grateful for the collaborative work of the reviewers and the entire group of the Observatório COVID-19 BR. In particular, we thank Verônica Coelho for critical inputs. We also thank the research funding agencies: the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (Finance Code 001 to F.M.D.M., L.S.F. and T.P.P.), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—Brazil (grant number: 315854/2020-0 to M.E.B., 141698/2018-7 to R.L.P.S., 313055/2020-3 to P.I.P., 312559/2020-8 to M.A.S.M.V., 311832/2017-2 to R.A.K., 305703/2019-6 to A.A.M.S.) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo—Brazil (grant number: 2019/26310-2 and 2017/26770-8 to C.F., 2018/26512-1 to O.C., 2018/24037-4 to S.P. and contract number: 2016/01343-7 to R.A.K.). The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention.Peer reviewe