Extremely low frequency based communication link

The paper discusses the literature review and the possibility of using the ground itself as transmission medium for various users’ transceivers and an administrator transceiver using Multi-Carrier-Direct Sequence-Code Division Multiple Access (MC-DS-CDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM),16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM), Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) band for the applications of Oil Well Telemetry, remote control of power substations or any system that its responding time is not critical

First light for avian embryos: eggshell thickness and pigmentation mediate variation in development and UV exposure in wild bird eggs

Article first published online: 29 JUL 20141. The avian embryo's development is influenced by both the amount and the wavelength of the light that passes through the eggshell. Commercial poultry breeders use light of specific wavelengths to accelerate embryonic growth, yet the effects of the variably patterned eggshells of wild bird species on light transmission and embryonic development remain largely unexplored. 2. Here, we provide the first comparative phylogenetic analysis of light transmission, through a diverse range of bird eggshells (74 British breeding species), in relation to the eggshell's thickness, permeability, pigment concentration and surface reflectance spectrum (colour). 3. The percentage of light transmitted through the eggshell was measured in the spectral range 250–700 nm. Our quantitative analyses confirm anecdotal reports that eggshells filter the light of the externally coloured shell. Specifically, we detected a positive relationship between surface eggshell reflectance (‘brightness’) and the percentage of light transmitted through the eggshell, and this relationship was strongest at wavelengths in the human-visible blue-green region of the spectra (c. 435 nm). 4. We show that less light passes through thicker eggshells with greater total pigment concentrations. By contrast, permeability (measured as water vapour conductance) did not covary significantly with light transmission. Eggs of closed-nesting species let more light pass through, compared with open nesters. 5. We postulate that greater light transmission is required to assist embryonic development under low light exposure. Importantly, this result provides an ecological explanation for the repeated evolution of immaculate, white- or pale-coloured eggshells in species nesting in enclosed spaces. 6. Finally, we detected correlative support for the solar radiation hypothesis, in that eggshells of bird species with a longer incubation period let significantly less of the potentially harmful, ultraviolet (UV) light pass through the eggshell. In summary, we demonstrate suites of avian eggshell properties, including eggshell structure and pigmentation, which are consistent with an evolutionary pressure to both enhance and protect embryonic development.Golo Maurer, Steven J. Portugal, Mark E. Hauber, Ivan Mikšík, Douglas G. D. Russell and Phillip Casse

Practical implementation of duobinary pulse position modulation using FPGA and visible light communication

Low bandwidth expansion modulation schemes are preferred for free space and optical fibre data transmission, where limited bandwidth is available. One such scheme is duobinary pulse position modulation (DuoPPM), which is the subject of this paper. DuoPPM scheme is not as sensitive to bandwidth expansion issues as digital PPM, with a line rate of twice the data rate. This paper discusses first time practical implementation of DuoPPM coding scheme and its application in free space using visible light LED (30 W) for transmission purposes. Experimental results achieved at the data rate of 14 Mbit/s indicate an error rate that is better than 1 error in 109.The main aim is to analyse the practicality, robustness and limitations of DuoPPM

Fluid structure in the immediate vicinity of an equilibrium three-phase contact line and assessment of disjoining pressure models using density functional theory

We examine the nanoscale behavior of an equilibrium three-phase contact line in the presence of long-ranged intermolecular forces by employing a statistical mechanics of fluids approach, namely density functional theory (DFT) together with fundamental measure theory (FMT). This enables us to evaluate the predictive quality of effective Hamiltonian models in the vicinity of the contact line. In particular, we compare the results for mean field effective Hamiltonians with disjoining pressures defined through (I) the adsorption isotherm for a planar liquid film, and (II) the normal force balance at the contact line. We find that the height profile obtained using (I) shows good agreement with the adsorption film thickness of the DFT-FMT equilibrium density profile in terms of maximal curvature and the behavior at large film heights. In contrast, we observe that while the height profile obtained by using (II) satisfies basic sum rules, it shows little agreement with the adsorption film thickness of the DFT results. The results are verified for contact angles of 20, 40 and 60 degrees

Heroes and villains of world history across cultures

© 2015 Hanke et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedEmergent properties of global political culture were examined using data from the World History Survey (WHS) involving 6,902 university students in 37 countries evaluating 40 figures from world history. Multidimensional scaling and factor analysis techniques found only limited forms of universality in evaluations across Western, Catholic/Orthodox, Muslim, and Asian country clusters. The highest consensus across cultures involved scientific innovators, with Einstein having the most positive evaluation overall. Peaceful humanitarians like Mother Theresa and Gandhi followed. There was much less cross-cultural consistency in the evaluation of negative figures, led by Hitler, Osama bin Laden, and Saddam Hussein. After more traditional empirical methods (e.g., factor analysis) failed to identify meaningful cross-cultural patterns, Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was used to identify four global representational profiles: Secular and Religious Idealists were overwhelmingly prevalent in Christian countries, and Political Realists were common in Muslim and Asian countries. We discuss possible consequences and interpretations of these different representational profiles.This research was supported by grant RG016-P-10 from the Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange (http://www.cckf.org.tw/). Religion Culture Entropy China Democracy Economic histor

Visible light communication based system using high power LED and dicode pulse position modulation technique

In this paper a dicode pulse position modulation (DiPPM) technique has been successfully implemented for an indoor visible light communication (VLC) based system using an FPGA and a commercial high power white LED (30W). A data rate of 13 Mbps has been achieved with a bit error rate (BER) <10-11 at a free space distance of 1.2 m through a basic transceiver circuit, and 14.5 Mbps with 1.15x10-6 of BER. Furthermore, a data rate of 13 Mbps has been successfully transmitted over a distance of 1.8 m with BER of 10-5. This proves that the application of DiPPM is a viable modulation system over free space communication links

A Pilot Study Of Antihypertensive Therapy In Cerebrovascular Disease

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111248/1/j.1532-5415.1967.tb02802.x.pd