SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING OF 2,6-DIAMINOPYRIDINE SCHIFF BASES OF ISATIN DERIVATIVES

Objective: Synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial screening of 2,6-diaminopyridine Schiff bases of isatin derivatives. Methods: Isatin and it’s 5-substituted derivatives (S1-5) were prepared by Sandmeyer method and N2-Benzylidenepyridine-2,6-Diamine (M) was obtained by the reacting 2,6-diaminopyridine with benzaldehyde. Schiff bases (MS1-5) were prepared by reacting isatin derivatives (S1-5) with N2-Benzylidenepyridine-2,6-Diamine (M). Resultant compound structures were confirmed by some analytical techniques’ data. All synthesized compound were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity by broth dilution methods against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-3160), Bacillus subtilus (MTCC-441), Escherichia coli (MTCC-452), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC-432), Candida albicans (MTCC-183), Aspergillus flavus (MTCC-277) using ciprofloxacin and fluconazole as standard drugs. Results: All compounds exhibited better antibacterial activity compared to standard. Among all compounds, MS2 and MS4 were found most effective against all strains of bacteria. Only MS3 and MS5 showed antifungal activity against both fungal strains. Conclusion: All newly synthesized Schiff bases of isatin showed significant antibacterial activity against the tested strain of bacteria, only a few compounds were found effective as antifungal

Hepatic Mitochondrial Damage Aggravated By Azathioprine: Protective Effect of Quercetin

Mitochondrian play an important role in the production of energy and cell cycle regulation. Administration of azathioprine (AZA), an immunosuppressant drug, adversely affects the hepatic mitochondria which may culminate  hepatotoxicity. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of quercetin (QE), against AZA induced hepatic injury in Wistar rats. AZA (50 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) was administered once on the 7th day of experiment. A significant depletion in the levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), glutathione peroxidase  (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were observed in AZA alone treated rats. Simultaneous decrease in the levels of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) enzymes such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH ), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were observed. Decrease in the levels of these enzymes suggests a loss in mitochondrial function and integrity. Lipids existing in the mitochondrial membrane were peroxidised, and measured by the production of   malondialdehyde (MDA). The supplementation of QE (50mg/kg body weight) restored the depleted levels of enzymes and above hepatic mitochondrial abnormality to near normalcy. The present study highlights the antioxidant property of QE in improving the mitochondrial functions in AZA induced hepatic degradatio

Hepatic Mitochondrial Damage Aggravated By Azathioprine: Protective Effect of Quercetin

Mitochondrian play an important role in the production of energy and cell cycle regulation. Administration of azathioprine (AZA), an immunosuppressant drug, adversely affects the hepatic mitochondria which may culminate  hepatotoxicity. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of quercetin (QE), against AZA induced hepatic injury in Wistar rats. AZA (50 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) was administered once on the 7th day of experiment. A significant depletion in the levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), glutathione peroxidase  (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were observed in AZA alone treated rats. Simultaneous decrease in the levels of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) enzymes such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH ), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were observed. Decrease in the levels of these enzymes suggests a loss in mitochondrial function and integrity. Lipids existing in the mitochondrial membrane were peroxidised, and measured by the production of   malondialdehyde (MDA). The supplementation of QE (50mg/kg body weight) restored the depleted levels of enzymes and above hepatic mitochondrial abnormality to near normalcy. The present study highlights the antioxidant property of QE in improving the mitochondrial functions in AZA induced hepatic degradatio

Document Layout Analysis and Classification and Its Application in OCR

Abstract — Digitization of paper-bound documents is one of the foremost commercial interests worldwide. First step in all such applications is transforming a paper bound document into an electronic document by scanning, subsequently applying to the image OCR to generate textual information from the document image. In this paper we describe our work that acts as a pre-processing stage for OCR application. Automatic document layout extraction and segmentation is done using spatial configuration of various text/image segments represented as bounded boxes; this segmented layout is than analyzed with certain heuristic tests and each segment is assigned labels (title, authors, abstract, body, header, footer etc). This information is than passed on to OCR module as an XML interface, accelerating it’s performance by allowing it to label recognized text segments and identifying only those parts of the document which have text resulting saving in computation. Although, the work has been motivated for application to an automated machine translation system preserving the overall document layout, it has a number of other applications such as in information retrieval, search etc. This information is also being used to classify technical documents into three categories which can be extended to any number of classes based on spatial configuration heuristics. I

Prospective observational cohort study on grading the severity of postoperative complications in global surgery research

Background The Clavien–Dindo classification is perhaps the most widely used approach for reporting postoperative complications in clinical trials. This system classifies complication severity by the treatment provided. However, it is unclear whether the Clavien–Dindo system can be used internationally in studies across differing healthcare systems in high- (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods This was a secondary analysis of the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS), a prospective observational cohort study of elective surgery in adults. Data collection occurred over a 7-day period. Severity of complications was graded using Clavien–Dindo and the simpler ISOS grading (mild, moderate or severe, based on guided investigator judgement). Severity grading was compared using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Data are presented as frequencies and ICC values (with 95 per cent c.i.). The analysis was stratified by income status of the country, comparing HICs with LMICs. Results A total of 44 814 patients were recruited from 474 hospitals in 27 countries (19 HICs and 8 LMICs). Some 7508 patients (16·8 per cent) experienced at least one postoperative complication, equivalent to 11 664 complications in total. Using the ISOS classification, 5504 of 11 664 complications (47·2 per cent) were graded as mild, 4244 (36·4 per cent) as moderate and 1916 (16·4 per cent) as severe. Using Clavien–Dindo, 6781 of 11 664 complications (58·1 per cent) were graded as I or II, 1740 (14·9 per cent) as III, 2408 (20·6 per cent) as IV and 735 (6·3 per cent) as V. Agreement between classification systems was poor overall (ICC 0·41, 95 per cent c.i. 0·20 to 0·55), and in LMICs (ICC 0·23, 0·05 to 0·38) and HICs (ICC 0·46, 0·25 to 0·59). Conclusion Caution is recommended when using a treatment approach to grade complications in global surgery studies, as this may introduce bias unintentionally

The surgical safety checklist and patient outcomes after surgery: a prospective observational cohort study, systematic review and meta-analysis

© 2017 British Journal of Anaesthesia Background: The surgical safety checklist is widely used to improve the quality of perioperative care. However, clinicians continue to debate the clinical effectiveness of this tool. Methods: Prospective analysis of data from the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS), an international observational study of elective in-patient surgery, accompanied by a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature. The exposure was surgical safety checklist use. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality and the secondary outcome was postoperative complications. In the ISOS cohort, a multivariable multi-level generalized linear model was used to test associations. To further contextualise these findings, we included the results from the ISOS cohort in a meta-analysis. Results are reported as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Results: We included 44 814 patients from 497 hospitals in 27 countries in the ISOS analysis. There were 40 245 (89.8%) patients exposed to the checklist, whilst 7508 (16.8%) sustained ≥1 postoperative complications and 207 (0.5%) died before hospital discharge. Checklist exposure was associated with reduced mortality [odds ratio (OR) 0.49 (0.32–0.77); P\u3c0.01], but no difference in complication rates [OR 1.02 (0.88–1.19); P=0.75]. In a systematic review, we screened 3732 records and identified 11 eligible studies of 453 292 patients including the ISOS cohort. Checklist exposure was associated with both reduced postoperative mortality [OR 0.75 (0.62–0.92); P\u3c0.01; I2=87%] and reduced complication rates [OR 0.73 (0.61–0.88); P\u3c0.01; I2=89%). Conclusions: Patients exposed to a surgical safety checklist experience better postoperative outcomes, but this could simply reflect wider quality of care in hospitals where checklist use is routine

Critical care admission following elective surgery was not associated with survival benefit: prospective analysis of data from 27 countries

This was an investigator initiated study funded by Nestle Health Sciences through an unrestricted research grant, and by a National Institute for Health Research (UK) Professorship held by RP. The study was sponsored by Queen Mary University of London