Infrared Photometry and Dust Absorption in Highly Inclined Spiral Galaxies

We present JHK surface photometry of 15 highly inclined, late-type (Sab-Sc) spirals and investigate the quantitative effects of dust extinction. Using the (J - H, H - K) two-color diagram, we compare the color changes along the minor axis of each galaxy to the predictions from different models of radiative transfer. Models in which scattering effects are significant and those with more than a small fraction of the light sources located near the edge of the dust distribution do not produce enough extinction to explain the observed color gradients across disk absorption features. The optical depth in dust near the plane as deduced from the color excess depends sensitively on the adopted dust geometry, ranging from tau = 4 to 15 in the visual band. This suggests that a realistic model of the dust distribution is required, even for infrared photometry, to correct for dust extinction in the bulges of nearly edge-on systems.Comment: Accepted for publication in the March 1996 AJ. LaTex source which generates 27 pages of text and tables (no figures). Complete (text + figs) compressed Postscript preprint is also available at ftp://bessel.mps.ohio-state.edu/pub/terndrup/inclined.ps.Z (854 Mbyte

Carbon market and climate negotiations.

In the wake of the Copenhagen Conference and the outstanding issue of shaping climate change mitigation for the period beyond that covered by the Kyoto protocol, this paper puts into context the various economic instruments available fot tackling climate change, and highlights the emergence, as a result of the framework of instruments provided by the Kyoto protocol, of carbon markets, (...)Economic instruments; Climate change; CO2; Carbon markets; Post-Kyoto;

Kinematic and Photometric Evidence for a Bar in NGC 2683

We present optical long-slit and SparsePak Integral Field Unit emission line spectroscopy along with optical broadband and near IR images of the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 2683. We find a multi-valued, figure-of-eight velocity structure in the inner 45 arcsec of the long-slit spectrum and twisted isovelocity contours in the velocity field. We also find, regardless of wavelength, that the galaxy isophotes are boxy. We argue that taken together, these kinematic and photometric features are evidence for the presence of a bar in NGC 2683. We use our data to constrain the orientation and strength of the bar.Comment: Accepted for publication in AJ; 10 pages, 8 figure

Spatiotemporal correlations of earthquakes in the continuum limit of the one-dimensional Burridge-Knopoff model

Spatiotemporal correlations of the one-dimensional spring-block (Burridge-Knopoff) model of earthquakes, either with or without the viscosity term, are studied by means of numerical computer simulations. The continuum limit of the model is examined by systematically investigating the model properties with varying the block-size parameter a toward a\to 0. The Kelvin viscosity term is introduced so that the model dynamics possesses a sensible continuum limit. In the presence of the viscosity term, many of the properties of the original discrete BK model are kept qualitatively unchanged even in the continuum limit, although the size of minimum earthquake gets smaller as a gets smaller. One notable exception is the existence/non-existence of the doughnut-like quiescence prior to the mainshock. Although large events of the original discrete BK model accompany seismic acceleration together with a doughnut-like quiescence just before the mainshock, the spatial range of the doughnut-like quiescence becomes narrower as a gets smaller, and in the continuum limit, the doughnut-like quiescence might vanish altogether. The doughnut-like quiescence observed in the discrete BK model is then a phenomenon closely related to the short-length cut-off scale of the model

Modifying Gravity at Low Redshift

We consider the growth of cosmological perturbations in modified gravity models where a scalar field mediates a non-universal Yukawa force between different matter species. The growth of the density contrast is altered for scales below the Compton wave-length of the scalar field. As the universe expands, the Compton wave-length varies in time in such a way that scales which were outside the range of the scalar field force may feel it at a lower redshift. In this case, both the exponent $\gamma$ measuring the growth of Cold Dark Matter perturbations and the slip function representing the ratio of the two Newtonian potentials $\psi$ and $\phi$ may differ from their values in General Relativity at low redshift.Comment: 27 pages, 5 figures; revised version, to appear in JCAP

10431 Abstracts Collection -- Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems

From 24.10. to 29.10.2010, the Dagstuhl Seminar 10431 ``Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems\u27\u27 was held in Schloss Dagstuhl~--~Leibniz Center for Informatics. During the seminar, several participants presented their current research, and ongoing work and open problems were discussed. Abstracts of the presentations given during the seminar as well as abstracts of seminar results and ideas are put together in this paper. The first section describes the seminar topics and goals in general. Links to extended abstracts or full papers are provided, if available

A bisphosphonate for F-19-magnetic resonance imaging

19F-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising technique that may allow us to measure the concentration of exogenous fluorinated imaging probes quantitatively in vivo. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterisation of a novel geminal bisphosphonate (19F-BP) that contains chemically-equivalent fluorine atoms that show a single and narrow 19F resonance and a bisphosphonate group that may be used for labelling inorganic materials based in calcium phosphates and metal oxides. The potential of 19F-BP to provide contrast was analysed in vitro and in vivo using 19F-MRI. In vitro studies demonstrated the potential of 19F-BP as an MRI contrast agent in the millimolar concentration range with signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) comparable to previously reported fluorinated probes. The preliminary in vivo MRI study reported here allowed us to visualise the biodistribution of 19F-BP, showing uptake in the liver and in the bladder/urinary system areas. However, bone uptake was not observed. In addition, 19F-BP showed undesirable toxicity effects in mice that prevent further studies with this compound at the required concentrations for MRI contrast. This study highlights the importance of developing 19F MRI probes with the highest signal intensity achievable

From vocational training to education: the development of a no-frontiers education policy for Europe?

This article focuses on developments towards an EU educational policy. Education was not included as one of the Community competencies in the Treaty of Rome. The first half of the article analyses the way that the European Court of Justice and the Commission of the European Communities between them managed to develop a series of substantial Community programmes out of Article 128 on vocational training. The second half of the article discusses educational developments in the community following the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty of Amsterdam. Whilst the legal competence of the community now includes education, the author's argument is that the inclusion of an educational competence will not result in further developments to mirror those in the years before the Treaty on Europe</p

Simulation study of the two-dimensional Burridge-Knopoff model of earthquakes

Spatiotemporal correlations of the two-dimensional spring-block (Burridge-Knopoff) model of earthquakes are extensively studied by means of numerical computer simulations. The model is found to exhibit either ``subcritical'' or ``supercritical'' behavior, depending on the values of the model parameters. Transition between these regimes is either continuous or discontinuous. Seismic events in the ``subcritical'' regime and those in the ``supercritical'' regime at larger magnitudes exhibit universal scaling properties. In the ``supercritical'' regime, eminent spatiotemporal correlations, {\it e.g.}, remarkable growth of seismic activity preceding the mainshock, arise in earthquake occurrence, whereas such spatiotemporal correlations are significantly suppressed in the ``subcritical'' regime. Seismic activity is generically suppressed just before the mainshock in a close vicinity of the epicenter of the upcoming event while it remains to be active in the surroundings (the Mogi doughnut). It is also observed that, before and after the mainshock, the apparent $B$-value of the magnitude distribution decreases or increases in the ``supercritical'' or ``subcritical'' regimes, respectively. Such distinct precursory phenomena may open a way to the prediction of the upcoming large event