Causes and long-term consequences of child labour

Recently, the statistics show an incredible increase in child labor rates. The purpose of this paper is to point out the reasons behind child labor and the long term consequences. This research deeply investigates the case of Syrian refugees and how the number of Syrian children in labor increased due to the war conditions. The literature emphasized the low income of the family to be considered as the most common reason for child labor. From the literature, harming the bones is a wide range of physical consequences of child labor. I conclude that the country’s government show arrange programs that monitor child labor after school time, and arrange educational programs in the rural areas

Computer-aided approaches reveal trihydroxychroman and pyrazolone derivatives as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 virus main protease

COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. The disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The aim of this study is to target the SARS-CoV-2 virus main protease (Mpro) via structure-based virtual screening. Consequently, > 580,000 ligands were processed via several filtration and docking steps, then the top 21 compounds were analysed extensively via MM-GBSA scoring and molecular dynamic simulations. Interestingly, the top compounds showed favorable binding energies and binding patterns to the protease enzyme, forming interactions with several key residues. Trihydroxychroman and pyrazolone derivatives, SN02 and SN18 ligands, exhibited very promising binding modes along with the best MM-GBSA scoring of –40.9 and –41.2 kcal mol–1, resp. Hence, MD simulations for the ligand-protein complexes of SN02 and SN18 affirmed the previously attained results of the potential inhibition activity of these two ligands. These potential inhibitors can be the starting point for further studies to pave way for the discovery of new antiviral drugs for SARS-CoV-2

Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization for Some Metal ion Complexes with 2-Hydroxy-3-((5-Mercapto-1,3,4-Thiadiazol-2-yl)Diazenyl)-1-Naphthaldehyde

New metal ion complexes were synthesized with the general formula; K[PtLCl4], [ReLCl4] and K[ML(Cl)2] where M = Pd(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Hg(II), from the Azo ligand (HL) [2-Hydroxy-3-((5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)diazenyl)-1-naphth aldehyde] (HL) the ligand was synthesized from (2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde) and (5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol). The ligand and its metal complexes are characterized by phisco- chemical spectroscopic techniques (FT.IR, UV-Vis and Mass spectra, elemental analysis, molar conductivity, Atomic Absorption, Chloride contain and magnetic susceptibility). The spectral data suggest that the (HL) behaves as a bidentate ligand in all complexes. These studies revealed tetrahedral geometries for all metal complexes, except square planar for Pd(II) complex and except octahedral geometry for Pt(IV) and Re(V) complexes. The study of complexes formation via molar ratio of (M:L) as (1:1). Theoretical treatment of this ligand and its metal complexes in gas phase using Hyper chem.8 was preformed

Dosimetric study of SIB-IMRT versus SIB-3DCRT for breast cancer with breath-hold gated technique

Background and Purpose: 3-dimensional conformal therapy (3DCRT) is widely employed radiation therapy technique for breast cancer, but there is still need to minimize the doses to organ at risk (OAR) using 3DCRT. A few clinical studies have discussed using intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to address this shortfall. Simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) has been used in head and neck and prostate cancer, and there is a growing interest in using SIB for breast cancer too. This study aimed to compare SIB-IMRT versus SIB-3DCRT for breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: SIB-3DCRT treatment plans were created for 36 consecutive patients. Dose was prescribed as 45 Gy in 25 fractions to the planning target volume (PTV)-1 and 60 Gy in 25 fractions to PTV-2. Treatment plans were normalized to 95% of PTV volume receiving 95% of the prescription dose. The conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), lung dose, heart dose, left anterior descending artery(LAD) dose, and low dose volume and integral dose of normal healthy tissue were recorded and analyzed. Results: With the use of IMRT technique, there was an improvement in CI (0.14) when compared to CI of 3DCRT (0.18; p = 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the HI (p = 0.45). On average, the V20Gy of ipsilateral lung was 37.9 % for 3DCRT and 22.4 % (p < 0.01) for IMRT, whereas the V20Gy of total lung (ipsilateral + contralateral) was 21.8% for 3DCRT and 12.14 (p < 0.01) for IMRT. Similarly, average V40Gy of heart was 7.5 % for 3DCRT and 2.13 % (p = 0.01) for IMRT. The LAD maximum dose to left side breast patients, on average, was 39.5 Gy for 3DCRT and 29.17 Gy (p = 0.03) for IMRT. The average number of monitor units was about 180 for 3DCRT and 1441 (p < 0.01) for IMRT. Conclusion: IMRT for breast cancer treatment is feasible. In comparison to 3DCRT, IMRT can reduce the maximum dose to the target volume, and dose to the OAR. However, 3DCRT technique is superior in terms of low dose volume, integral dose, and treatment time. With the use of breath-hold gated technique in IMRT, it can further improve the target coverage and reduction of doses to the heart, lung, and LAD. SIB technique could reduce the overall treatment duration by about one week.----------------------------------Cite this article as:Moorthy S, Sakr H, Hasan S, Samuel J, Al-Janahi S, Murthy N. Dosimetric study of SIB-IMRT versus SIB-3DCRT for breast cancer with breath-hold gated technique. Int J Cancer Ther Oncol 2013;1(1):010110. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14319/ijcto.0101.1

Effective car monitoring and tracking model

Statistics shows that car production in the world is the increasing yearly as well as car theft attempts. Many international and local companies have good effort in term of producing car security systems, but the result is still less than expectations since the number of car theft cases are still increases. The thieves are developing their capabilities and inventing smarter and stronger stealing techniques which require more powerful security systems. On the other hand most of the cars use traditional alert systems (with no mobility or multimedia facilities) as well as the advanced car security system are still expensive and mainly used in expensive cars. To overcome such problems; this research project proposes a New Car Monitoring and Tracking Model. It introduces a powerful security model that can send SMS and MMS to the owner or security organizations to have fast response especially if the car is nearby. This paper focuses on using SMS, MMS and database technology, the picture of the intruder will be sent to user or police. The Database offers the required information about car and owner, which will help police or security authorities in tracking the car using GPS system that can be link to Google Earth and other mapping software. The implementation and testing results show the success of prototype in sending SMS and MMS to owner within seconds and receiving acknowledgment to the database (police or security unit) within 3-4 minutes. The timing and results are suitable to owner and police to take suitable action against intruder

Clinical Practice Recommendations for the Management of Obesity in the United Arab Emirates

With rapid urbanisation and improved living conditions as a result of rising incomes in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, obesity has become a major and growing health problem for the region. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has a resident population of 9.3 million (in 2016), many of whom (85.5%) lived in urban areas and led sedentary lifestyles. Based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates for 2010, 25% of Emirati men and 40% of the women were obese. Obesity rates in this country has doubled from 16 to 34% compared to the year 2000, and severe obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2) has risen dramatically from 2 to 11%. While a number of international guidelines for the management of obesity are already available in public domain, local guidelines for the UAE and the region, which are structured and individualized for the management of obesity, are sorely needed to help the family physician to provide affordable treatment for the patient at the point-of-care and to reduce the burden on the local healthcare system. A multi-disciplinary panel of international and regional experts who treat patients with overweight and obesity was convened with the aim of developing consensus recommendations for the UAE. The objective is to have a simple and easy-to-refer set of recommendations for busy clinicians as there were already many comprehensive international guidelines available. The panel reviewed and streamlined these recommendations in its entirety for relevance, coherence and usability in the local context. These recommendations for overweight and obesity management were circulated and endorsed by the local practising family medicine community, namely, the Emirates Medical Association and Family Medicine Society. We believe these recommendations would also be of interest to clinicians in other GCC countries. A summary and algorithm of these recommendations are provided

Differential effects of fish-oil and cocoa-butter based high-fat/high-sucrose diets on endocrine pancreas morphology and function in mice

IntroductionA high-fat/high-sucrose diet leads to adverse metabolic changes that affect insulin sensitivity, function, and secretion. The source of fat in the diet might inhibit or increase this adverse effect. Fish oil and cocoa butter are a significant part of our diets. Yet comparisons of these commonly used fat sources with high sucrose on pancreas morphology and function are not made. This study investigated the comparative effects of a fish oil-based high-fat/high-sucrose diet (Fish-HFDS) versus a cocoa butter-based high-fat/high-sucrose diet (Cocoa-HFDS) on endocrine pancreas morphology and function in mice.MethodsC57BL/6 male mice (n=12) were randomly assigned to dietary intervention either Fish-HFDS (n=6) or Cocoa-HFDS (n=6) for 22 weeks. Intraperitoneal glucose and insulin tolerance tests (IP-GTT and IP-ITT) were performed after 20-21 weeks of dietary intervention. Plasma concentrations of c-peptide, insulin, glucagon, GLP-1, and leptin were measured by Milliplex kit. Pancreatic tissues were collected for immunohistochemistry to measure islet number and composition. Tissues were multi-labelled with antibodies against insulin and glucagon, also including expression on Pdx1-positive cells.Results and discussionFish-HFDS-fed mice showed significantly reduced food intake and body weight gain compared to Cocoa-HFDS-fed mice. Fish-HFDS group had lower fasting blood glucose concentration and area under the curve (AUC) for both GTT and ITT. Plasma c-peptide, insulin, glucagon, and GLP-1 concentrations were increased in the Fish-HFDS group. Interestingly, mice fed the Fish-HFDS diet displayed higher plasma leptin concentration. Histochemical analysis revealed a significant increase in endocrine pancreas β-cells and islet numbers in mice fed Fish-HFDS compared to the Cocoa-HFDS group. Taken together, these findings suggest that in a high-fat/high-sucrose dietary setting, the source of the fat, especially fish oil, can ameliorate the effect of sucrose on glucose homeostasis and endocrine pancreas morphology and function

Modeling ionic liquids mixture viscosity using Eyring theory combined with a SAFT-based EOS

This work aims to calculate the viscosities of ionic liquid mixtures using the Eyring theory combined with the SAFT-VR Morse EOS. The free volume theory was used to correlate the pure viscosity of ionic liquids (ILs) and solvents. Three model parameters have been adjusted using experimental viscosity data of ILs between 282 K and 413 K and 1 bar to 350 bar. The average ARD%, Bias%, and rmsd between model estimation and viscosity experimental data for pure ILs have been obtained 4.9 %, 1.015 %, and 0.67, respectively. The average error of the proposed model tends to increase at a pressure higher than 200 bar. The average ARD% for [C2mim][Tf2N] and [C6mim][Tf2N] is about 3.8 % and 3.4 % at pressures lower than 200 bar, while the average ARD% values increase sharply at higher pressures. This is due to the weak performance of the SAFT-VR Morse EOS for the calculation of IL density at high pressures. The SAFT-VR Morse EOS has been coupled with the Eyring theory, and the Redlich-Kister mixing rule to estimate the mixture viscosity of ILs-ILs and ILs-solvent systems. The thermal contribution of excess activation free energy has been calculated using the Redlich-Kister mixing rule with four adjustable parameters. The average ARD%, rmsd, and Bias% for fifteen binary mixtures have been obtained 3.9 %, 2.51, and 0.57 %, respectively. The average error values for mixture viscosity of ILs-polar solvent are higher than non-polar solvents. In the case of binary IL-IL systems, the model results are in good agreement with experimental data. The model performance has been evaluated using the viscosity deviation property. The SAFT-VR Morse EOS predicts the negative viscosity deviation. The strong attractive interaction in the mixture than a pure component is the major contribution to negative viscosity deviation. The results show that the new model can calculate the mixture viscosity and viscosity deviation of binary systems satisfactory. The obtained error values of mixture viscosity show that the Eyring theory can be coupled with a SAFT-based EOS to calculate the viscosity of ILs over a wide range of pressures and temperatures satisfactory

Global prevalence of Colistin resistance in Klebsiella Pneumoniae from bloodstream infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Among gram-negative bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the most common causes of healthcare-related infection. Bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae are notorious for being difficult to treat due to resistance to commonly used antimicrobials. Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from bloodstream infections are becoming increasingly resistant to carbapenems. In the fight against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, colistin [polymyxin E] is the antimicrobial of choice and is thus widely used.Objective: This study aimed to determine the global prevalence of colistin resistance amongst Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from bloodstream infections. Methods: PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were searched for published articles without restricting the search period. Studies meeting the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were included, and quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist. We used a statistical random effect model to analyze data with substantial heterogeneity (I2 > 50%) in the meta-analysis. Results: A total of 10 studies out of 2873 search results that met the inclusion criteria were included in the final synthesis for this study. A pooled prevalence of colistin resistance was 3.1%, 95% CI (1.5–4.7%). The highest colistin resistance pooled prevalence was recorded in isolates studied in 2020 and beyond 12.90% (4/31), while Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates studied in 2015 and before and in 2016–2019 showed a pooled colistin resistance rate of 2.89% (48/1661) and 2.95% (28/948), respectively. The highest colistin resistance was found in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Thailand (19.2%), while the least pooled resistance was in Klebsiella pneumoniae from South Korea (0.8%). The pooled prevalence of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) of Klebsiella pneumoniae from bloodstream infection ranged from 80.1%, 95% CI (65.0–95.2%), and the resistance prevalence of other antibiotics by Klebsiella pneumoniae from bloodstream infections were as follows; ciprofloxacin (45.3%), ertapenem (44.4%), meropenem (36.1%), imipenem (35.2%), gentamicin (33.3%), amikacin (25.4%) and tigecycline (5.1%). Klebsiella pneumoniae recovered from the intensive care unit (ICU) showed higher colistin resistance, 11.5% (9/781%), while non-ICU patients showed 3.03% (80/2604) pooled colistin resistance. Conclusion: This study showed low colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from global bloodstream infections. However, significant colistin resistance was observed in isolates collected from 2020 and beyond. Significant colistin resistance was also observed in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in bloodstream infections from the intensive care unit (ICU) compared to those from non-ICUs. As a result, there is a need to institute colistin administration stewardship in the ICU in clinical settings

Perceptions about Telemedicine among Populations with Chronic Diseases amid COVID-19: Data from a Cross-Sectional Survey

Chronic diseases, including non-communicable diseases (NCDs), have arisen as a severe threat to health and socio-economic growth. Telemedicine can provide both the highest level of patient satisfaction and the lowest risk of infection during a pandemic. The factors associated with its usage and patient adherence are not visible in Bangladesh's resource-constrained settings. Therefore, this study aimed to identify perceptions about telemedicine among populations with chronic diseases amid the COVID-19 pandemic. A closed-ended self-reported questionnaire was created, and the questionnaire was written, reviewed, and finalized by a public health investigator, a psychiatrist, and an epidemiologist. The data for this study were collected from individuals using simple random sampling and snowball sampling techniques. Ethics approval was granted, and written/verbal consent was taken before interviews. Most of the participants showed a positive attitude towards telemedicine. People aged 35-54 years old and a higher level of education were less frequently associated with willingness to receive telemedicine services for current chronic disease (WRTCCD) than their counterparts. People living in urban areas and lower-income participants were more strongly associated with WRTCCD. Additionally, people who did not lose their earnings due to the pandemic were less strongly associated with WRTCCD. However, the main strength of this research is that it is a broad exploration of patient interest in several general forms of telehealth. In Bangladesh, there are many opportunities for telemedicine to be integrated into the existing healthcare system, if appropriate training and education are provided for healthcare professionals