1,683 research outputs found
Pupil remapping for high contrast astronomy: results from an optical testbed
The direct imaging and characterization of Earth-like planets is among the
most sought-after prizes in contemporary astrophysics, however current optical
instrumentation delivers insufficient dynamic range to overcome the vast
contrast differential between the planet and its host star. New opportunities
are offered by coherent single mode fibers, whose technological development has
been motivated by the needs of the telecom industry in the near infrared. This
paper presents a new vision for an instrument using coherent waveguides to
remap the pupil geometry of the telescope. It would (i) inject the full pupil
of the telescope into an array of single mode fibers, (ii) rearrange the pupil
so fringes can be accurately measured, and (iii) permit image reconstruction so
that atmospheric blurring can be totally removed. Here we present a laboratory
experiment whose goal was to validate the theoretical concepts underpinning our
proposed method. We successfully confirmed that we can retrieve the image of a
simulated astrophysical object (in this case a binary star) though a pupil
remapping instrument using single mode fibers.Comment: Accepted in Optics Expres
Constraining holographic inflation with WMAP
In a class of recently proposed models, the early universe is strongly
coupled and described holographically by a three-dimensional, weakly coupled,
super-renormalizable quantum field theory. This scenario leads to a power
spectrum of scalar perturbations that differs from the usual empirical LCDM
form and the predictions of generic models of single field, slow roll
inflation. This spectrum is characterized by two parameters: an amplitude, and
a parameter g related to the coupling constant of the dual theory. We estimate
these parameters, using WMAP and other astrophysical data. We compute Bayesian
evidence for both the holographic model and standard LCDM and find that their
difference is not significant, although LCDM provides a somewhat better fit to
the data. However, it appears that Planck will permit a definitive test of this
holographic scenario.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figs, published versio
The Real Combination Problem : Panpsychism, Micro-Subjects, and Emergence
Panpsychism harbors an unresolved tension, the seriousness of which has yet to be fully appreciated. I capture this tension as a dilemma, and offer panpsychists advice on how to resolve it. The dilemma, briefly, is as follows. Panpsychists are committed to the perspicuous explanation of macro-mentality in terms of micro-mentality. But panpsychists take the micro-material realm to feature not just mental properties, but also micro-subjects to whom these properties belong. Yet it is impossible to explain the constitution of a macro-subject (like one of us) in terms of the assembly of micro-subjects, for, I show, subjects cannot combine. Therefore the panpsychist explanatory project is derailed by the insistence that the worldâs ultimate material constituents (ultimates) are subjects of experience. The panpsychist faces a choice of abandoning her explanatory project, or recanting the claim that the ultimates are subjects. This is the dilemma. I argue that the latter option is to be preferred. This neednât constitute a wholesale abandonment of panpsychism, however, since panpsychists can maintain that the ultimates possess phenomenal qualities, despite not being subjects of those qualities. This proposal requires us to make sense of phenomenal qualities existing independently of experiencing subjects, a challenge I tackle in the penultimate section. The position eventually reached is a form of neutral monism, so another way to express the overall argument is to say that, keeping true to their philosophical motivations, panpsychists should really be neutral monists.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio
Extrasolar Giant Planets under Strong Stellar Irradiation
We investigate the effects on extrasolar giant planets [EGPs] of intense
irradiation by their parent stars, describing the issues involved in treating
the model atmosphere problem correctly. We treat the radiative transfer in
detail, allowing the flux from the parent star to interact with all relevant
depths of the planetary atmosphere, with no need for a pre-assumed albedo. We
present a low-resolution optical and near-IR spectrum of a close-in EGP,
focusing on the differences from an isolated planet.
In our dust-free planetary atmospheres we find that Rayleigh scattering
increases the EGP's flux by orders of magnitude shortward of the CaII H&K
doublet (393 nm), and the spectral features of the parent star are exactly
reflected. In the optical and near-IR the thermal absorption of the planet
takes over, but the absorption features are changed by the irradiation. The
inclusion of dust increases the reflected flux in the blue; the stellar
spectral lines can be seen blueward of H-beta (486 nm).Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, LaTex, accepted in ApJ
Evolution of "51Peg b-like" Planets
About one-quarter of the extrasolar giant planets discovered so far have
orbital distances smaller than 0.1 AU. These ``51Peg b-like'' planets can now
be directly characterized, as shown by the planet transiting in front the star
HD209458. We review the processes that affect their evolution.
We apply our work to the case of HD209458b, whose radius has been recently
measured. We argue that its radius can be reproduced only when the deep
atmosphere is assumed to be unrealistically hot. When using more realistic
atmospheric temperatures, an energy source appears to be missing in order to
explain HD209458b's large size. The most likely source of energy available is
not in the planet's spin or orbit, but in the intense radiation received from
the parent star. We show that the radius of HD209458b can be reproduced if a
small fraction (~1%) of the stellar flux is transformed into kinetic energy in
the planetary atmosphere and subsequently converted to thermal energy by
dynamical processes at pressures of tens of bars.Comment: 11 pages including 9 figures. A&A, in press. Also available at
http://www.obs-nice.fr/guillot/pegasi-planets
Atmospheric Circulation and Tides of "51Peg b-like" Planets
We examine the properties of the atmospheres of extrasolar giant planets at
orbital distances smaller than 0.1 AU from their stars. We show that these
``51Peg b-like'' planets are rapidly synchronized by tidal interactions, but
that small departures from synchronous rotation can occur because of
fluid-dynamical torques within these planets. Previous radiative-transfer and
evolution models of such planets assume a homogeneous atmosphere. Nevertheless,
we show using simple arguments that, at the photosphere, the day-night
temperature difference and characteristic wind speeds may reach ~500 K and ~2
km/s, respectively. Substantial departures from chemical equilibrium are
expected. The cloud coverage depends sensitively on the dynamics; clouds could
exist predominantly either on the dayside or nightside, depending on the
circulation regime. Radiative-transfer models that assume homogeneous
conditions are therefore inadequate in describing the atmospheric properties of
51Peg b-like planets. We present preliminary three-dimensional, nonlinear
simulations of the atmospheric circulation of HD209458b that indicate plausible
patterns for the circulation and generally agree with our simpler estimates.
Furthermore, we show that kinetic energy production in the atmosphere can lead
to the deposition of substantial energy in the interior, with crucial
consequences for the evolution of these planets. Future measurements of
reflected and thermally-emitted radiation from these planets will help test our
ideas.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures. A&A, in press. Also available at
http://www.obs-nice.fr/guillot/pegasi-planets
The EXPLORE Project I: A Deep Search for Transiting Extrasolar Planets
(Abridged) We discuss the design considerations of the EXPLORE (EXtra-solar
PLanet Occultation REsearch) project, a series of transiting planet searches
using 4-m-class telescopes to continuously monitor a single field of stars in
the Galactic Plane in each ~2 week observing campaign. We discuss the general
factors which determine the efficiency and the number of planets found by a
transit search, including time sampling strategy and field selection. The
primary goal is to select the most promising planet candidates for radial
velocity follow-up observations. We show that with very high photometric
precision light curves that have frequent time sampling and at least two
detected transits, it is possible to uniquely solve for the main parameters of
the eclipsing system (including planet radius) based on several important
assumptions about the central star. Together with a measured spectral type for
the star, this unique solution for orbital parameters provides a powerful
method for ruling out most contaminants to transiting planet candidates. For
the EXPLORE project, radial velocity follow-up observations for companion mass
determination of the best candidates are done on 8-m-class telescopes within
two or three months of the photometric campaigns. This same-season follow-up is
made possible by the use of efficient pipelines to produce high quality light
curves within weeks of the observations. We conclude by presenting early
results from our first search, EXPLORE I, in which we reached <1% rms
photometric precision (measured over a full night) on ~37,000 stars to I <=
18.2.Comment: accepted by ApJ. Main points unchanged but more thorough discussion
of some issues. 36 pages, including 14 figure
Photometric Light Curves and Polarization of Close-in Extrasolar Giant Planets
The close-in extrasolar giant planets [CEGPs], \ltorder 0.05 AU from their
parent stars, may have a large component of optically reflected light. We
present theoretical optical photometric light curves and polarization curves
for the CEGP systems, from reflected planetary light. Different particle sizes
of three condensates are considered. In the most reflective case, the
variability is micromagnitudes, which will be easily detectable
by the upcoming satellite missions MOST, COROT, and MONS, and possibly from the
ground in the near future. The least reflective case is caused by small, highly
absorbing grains such as solid Fe, with variation of much less than one
micromagnitude. Polarization for all cases is lower than current detectability
limits. We also discuss the temperature-pressure profiles and resulting
emergent spectra of the CEGP atmospheres. We discuss the observational results
of Tau Boo b by Cameron et al. (1999) and Charbonneau et al. (1999) in context
of our model results. The predictions - the shape and magnitude of the light
curves and polarization curves - are highly dependent on the size and type of
condensates present in the planetary atmosphere.Comment: 33 pages, accepted by Ap
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