Severidade de Giberela e presen?a de micotoxinas em cevada mediante diferentes sequ?ncias de aplica??o de fungicidas

Fusarium head blight (FHB), whose asexual form corresponds to Fusarium graminearum, is one of the main diseases causing yield and quality losses of barley grains (Hordeum vulgare L.). The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence and severity of FHB, mycotoxin production of Deoxynivalenol (DON), F. graminearum recovery from asymptomatic grains and crop yield. The treatments applied at stages of tillering, elongation, booting and flowering of the cultivar BRS ?Korbel? were: T1) trifloxystrobin + cyproconazole, trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, azoxystrobin + tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole; T2) trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, azoxystrobin + tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole, carbendazin; T3) trifloxystrobin + ciproconazole + mancozeb, trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole + mancozeb, azoxystrobin + tebuconazole + mancozeb, trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole + mancozeb; T4) trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole + mancozeb, azoxystrobin + tebuconazole + mancozeb, trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole + mancozeb, carbendazim + mancozeb; T5) control, without fungicide application. The T5 treatment differed statistically from the others presenting greater severity of the fungus. The DON quantification was higher in T2 (721,75 ?g/kg), and in T5 there was the lowest contamination (514,05 ?g/kg) differentiating from the other treatments. Regarding the incidence of F. graminearum, T3 (55,00%), and T4 (47,50%) showed the lowest incidences of the pathogen differing statistically from the others. Barley yield was higher in T1 (4295,1 kg.ha1) and T5 (3691,4 kg.ha1), treatments, which presented statistical difference over the others, and T4 6 presented the lowest yield (1974,1 kg.ha1). For the variables hectoliter weight and weight of a thousand grains, it was verified that there was no statistical difference.A giberela (Giberella zeae), cuja forma assexuada corresponde a Fusarium graminearum, ? uma das doen?as que causam perdas na produtividade e qualidade dos gr?os de cevada. Objetivou-se avaliar a severidade de giberela em espigas e a incid?ncia de Fusarim graminearum em gr?os de cevada, a partir da aplica??o de sequ?ncias de fungicidas em parte a?rea, e a interfer?ncia destes tratamentos na produ??o de micotoxina Deoxinivalenol (DON) e produtividade da cultura. Os tratamentos aplicados nos est?dios de perfilhamento, elonga??o, emborrachamento e florescimento da cv. ?BRS Korbel? foram: T1) trifloxistrobina + ciproconazol, trifloxistrobina + tebuconazol, azoxistrobina + tebuconazol, trifloxistrobina + tebuconazol; T2) trifloxistrobina + tebuconazol, azoxistrobina + tebuconazol, trifloxistrobina + protioconazol, carbendazim; T3) trifloxistrobina + ciproconazol + mancozebe, trifloxistrobina + tebuconazol + mancozebe, azoxistrobina + tebuconazol + mancozebe, trifloxistrobina + tebuconazol + mancozebe; T4) trifloxistrobina + tebuconazol + mancozebe, azoxistrobina + tebuconazol + mancozebe, trifloxistrobina + protioconazol + mancozebe, carbendazim + mancozebe; T5) testemunha, sem aplica??o de fungicidas. O tratamento T5 diferiu estatisticamente dos demais, apresentando maior severidade de giberela. A quantifica??o de DON foi maior em T2 (721,75 ?g/kg) e em T5 houve a menor contamina??o (514,05 ?g/kg), diferindo dos demais tratamentos. Em rela??o ? incid?ncia de F. graminearum, os tratamentos T4 (47,50%) e T3 (55,00%), apresentaram as menores incid?ncias do pat?geno diferindo estatisticamente dos demais. A produtividade foi maior em T1 (4295,1 kg.ha1), seguido por T5 (3691,4 kg.ha1), que diferiram dos demais. Em T4 foi 5 obtida a menor produtividade (1974,1 kg.ha1). Para o peso hectolitro (Ph) e peso de mil gr?os (PMG) n?o houve diferen?a estat?stica entre os tratamentos avaliados

The behaviour of stacking fault energy upon interstitial alloying

Stacking fault energy is one of key parameters for understanding the mechanical properties of face-centered cubic materials. It is well known that the plastic deformation mechanism is closely related to the size of stacking fault energy. Although alloying is a conventional method to modify the physical parameter, the underlying microscopic mechanisms are not yet clearly established. Here, we propose a simple model for determining the effect of interstitial alloying on the stacking fault energy. We derive a volumetric behaviour of stacking fault energy from the harmonic approximation to the energy-lattice curve and relate it to the contents of interstitials. The stacking fault energy is found to change linearly with the interstitial content in the usual low concentration domain. This is in good agreement with previously reported experimental and theoretical data.111Ysciescopu

Chiral, air stable, and reliable Pd(0) precatalysts applicable to asymmetric allylic alkylation chemistry.

Stereoselective carbon-carbon bond formation via palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation is a crucial strategy to access chiral natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients. However, catalysts based on the privileged Trost and Pfaltz-Helmchen-Williams PHOX ligands often require high loadings, specific preactivation protocols, and excess chiral ligand. This makes these reactions uneconomical, often unreproducible, and thus unsustainable. Here we report several chiral single-component Pd(0) precatalysts that are active and practically-applicable in a variety of asymmetric allylic alkylation reactions. Despite the decades-long history and widespread use of Trost-type ligands, the precatalysts in this work are the only reported examples of stable, isolable Pd(0) complexes with these ligands. Evaluating these precatalysts across nine asymmetric allylic alkylation reactions reveals high reactivity and selectivity at low Pd loading. Importantly, we also report an unprecedented Pd-catalyzed enantioselective allylation of a hydantoin, achieved on gram scale in high yield and enantioselectivity with only 0.2 mol% catalyst

Myeloid-Specific Deficiency of Pregnane X Receptor Decreases Atherosclerosis in LDL Receptor-Deficient Mice

Abstract The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a nuclear receptor that can be activated by numerous drugs and xenobiotic chemicals. PXR thereby functions as a xenobiotic sensor to coordinately regulate host responses to xenobiotics by transcriptionally regulating many genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism. We have previously reported that PXR has pro-atherogenic effects in animal models, but how PXR contributes to atherosclerosis development in different tissues or cell types remains elusive. In this study, we generated an LDL receptor-deficient mouse model with myeloid-specific PXR deficiency (PXRΔMyeLDLR−/−) to elucidate the role of macrophage PXR signaling in atherogenesis. The myeloid PXR deficiency did not affect metabolic phenotypes and plasma lipid profiles, but PXRΔMyeLDLR−/− mice had significantly decreased atherosclerosis at both aortic root and brachiocephalic arteries compared with control littermates. Interestingly, the PXR deletion did not affect macrophage adhesion and migration properties, but reduced lipid accumulation and foam cell formation in the macrophages. PXR deficiency also led to decreased expression of the scavenger receptor CD36 and impaired lipid uptake in macrophages of the PXRΔMyeLDLR−/− mice. Further, RNA-Seq analysis indicated that treatment with a prototypical PXR ligand affects the expression of many atherosclerosis-related genes in macrophages in vitro. These findings reveal a pivotal role of myeloid PXR signaling in atherosclerosis development and suggest that PXR may be a potential therapeutic target in atherosclerosis management

The 1983 drought in the West Sahel: a case study

Some drought years over sub-Saharan west Africa (1972, 1977, 1984) have been previously related to a cross-equatorial Atlantic gradient pattern with anomalously warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) south of 10°N and anomalously cold SSTs north of 10°N. This SST dipole-like pattern was not characteristic of 1983, the third driest summer of the twentieth century in the Sahel. This study presents evidence that the dry conditions that persisted over the west Sahel in 1983 were mainly forced by high Indian Ocean SSTs that were probably remanent from the strong 1982/1983 El Niño event. The synchronous Pacific impact of the 1982/1983 El Niño event on west African rainfall was however, quite weak. Prior studies have mainly suggested that the Indian Ocean SSTs impact the decadal-scale rainfall variability over the west Sahel. This study demonstrates that the Indian Ocean also significantly affects inter-annual rainfall variability over the west Sahel and that it was the main forcing for the drought over the west Sahel in 1983

Up-regulation of GITRL on dendritic cells by WGP improves anti-tumor immunity in murine Lewis lung carcinoma

Background β-Glucans have been shown to function as a potent immunomodulator to stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses, which contributes to their anti-tumor property. However, their mechanisms of action are still elusive. Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor ligand (GITRL), a member of the TNF superfamily, binds to its receptor, GITR, on both effector and regulatory T cells, generates a positive co-stimulatory signal implicated in a wide range of T cell functions, which is important for the development of immune responses. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we found that whole β-glucan particles (WGPs) could activate dendritic cells (DCs) via dectin-1 receptor, and increase the expression of GITRL on DCs in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the increased GITRL on DCs could impair the regulartory T cell (Treg)-mediated suppression and enhance effector T cell proliferation in a GITR/GITRL dependent way. In tumor models, DCs with high levels of GITRL were of great potential to prime cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses and down-regulate the suppressive activity of Treg cells, thereby leading to the delayed tumor progression. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that particulate β-glucans can be used as an immunomodulator to stimulate potent T cell-mediated adaptive immunity while down-regulate suppressive immune activity via GITR/GITRL interaction, leading to a more efficient defense mechanism against tumor development.published_or_final_versio