Directed and elliptic flow in heavy ion collisions from Ebeam=90E_{\rm beam}=90 MeV/nucleon to Ec.m.=200E_{\rm c.m.}=200 GeV/nucleon

Recent data from the NA49 experiment on directed and elliptic flow for Pb+Pb reactions at CERN-SPS are compared to calculations with a hadron-string transport model, the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) model. The rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of the directed and elliptic flow, i.e. $v_1$ and $v_2$, are investigated. The flow results are compared to data at three different centrality bins. Generally, a reasonable agreement between the data and the calculations is found. Furthermore, the energy excitation functions of $v_1$ and $v_2$ from $E_{\rm beam}=90A$ MeV to $E_{\rm cm}=200A$ GeV are explored within the UrQMD framework and discussed in the context of the available data. It is found that, in the energy regime below $E_{\rm beam}\leq 10A$ GeV, the inclusion of nuclear potentials is necessary to describe the data. Above $40A$ GeV beam energy, the UrQMD model starts to underestimate the elliptic flow. Around the same energy the slope of the rapidity spectra of the proton directed flow develops negative values. This effect is known as the third flow component ("antiflow") and cannot be reproduced by the transport model. These differences can possibly be explained by assuming a phase transition from hadron gas to quark gluon plasma at about $40A$ GeV.Comment: 19 pages, minor changes and modified title as published in PR

Theory of nuclear excitation by electron capture for heavy ions

We investigate the resonant process of nuclear excitation by electron capture, in which a continuum electron is captured into a bound state of an ion with the simultaneous excitation of the nucleus. In order to derive the cross section a Feshbach projection operator formalism is introduced. Nuclear states and transitions are described by a nuclear collective model and making use of experimental data. Transition rates and total cross sections for NEEC followed by the radiative decay of the excited nucleus are calculated for various heavy ion collision systems

A cross sectional study of water quality from dental unit water lines in dental practices in the West of Scotland

OBJECTIVE: To determine the microbiological quality of water from dental units in a general practice setting and current practice for disinfection of units. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of the water quality from 40 dental units in 39 general practices and a questionnaire of the disinfection protocols used in those practices. SETTING: NHS practices in primarydental care. SUBJECTS: Thirty-nine general practices from the West of Scotland. METHODS: Water samples were collected on two separate occasions from dental units and analysed for microbiological quality by the total viable count (TVC) method. Water specimens were collected from the triple syringe, high speed outlet, cup filler and surgery tap. Each participating practitioner was asked to complete a questionnaire. Results Microbial contamination was highest from the high speed outlet followed by the triple syringe and cup filler. On average, the TVC counts from the high speed water lines at 37 degrees C and for the high speed lines, triple syringe and cup filler at 22 degrees C were significantly higher than that from the control tap water specimens. The study included units from 11 different manufacturers with ages ranging from under one year to over eight years. The age of the dental unit analysed did not appear to influence the level of microbial contamination. Five of the practices surveyed used disinfectants to clean the dental units but these had no significant effect on the microbiological quality of the water. The majority of dental units (25 out of 40) were never flushed with water between patients. A number of different non-sterile irrigants were used for surgical procedures. CONCLUSION: The microbiological quality of water from dental units in general dental practice is poor compared with that from drinking water sources. Suitable sterile irrigants should be used for surgical procedures in dental practice. Further work is required for pragmatic decontamination regimens of dental unit water lines in a general dental practice setting

Reconstruction of Rb-Rb inter-atomic potential from ultracold Bose-gas collision

Scattering phase shifts obtained from 87Rb Bose-gas collision experiments are used to reconstruct effective potentials resulting, self-consistently, in the same scattering events observed in the experiments at a particular energy. We have found that the interaction strength close to the origin suddenly changes from repulsion to attraction when the collision energy crosses, from below, the l=2 shape resonance position at E = 275 mikroK. This observation may be utilized in outlining future Bose-gas collision experiments.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Continuous Lyman-alpha generation by four-wave mixing in mercury for laser-cooling of antihydrogen

Cooling antihydrogen atoms is important for future experiments both to test the fundamental CPT symmetry by high-resolution laser spectroscopy and also to measure the gravitational acceleration of antimatter. Laser-cooling of antihydrogen can be done on the strong 1S-2P transition at the wavelength of Lyman-alpha (121.6nm). A continuous-wave laser at the Lyman-alpha wavelength based on solid-state fundamental lasers is described. By using a two-photon and a near one photon resonance a scan across the whole phasematching curve of the four-wave mixing process is possible. Furthermore the influence of the beam profile of one fundamental beam on the four-wave mixing process is studied.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Human immunodeficiency virus neutralizing antibodies and methods of use thereof [APPLICATION]

The invention provides broadly neutralizing antibodies directed to epitopes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV. The invention further provides compositions containing HIV antibodies used for prophylaxis, and methods for diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection

Inferring Memory Map Instructions

We describe the problem of inferring a set of memory map instructions from a reference trace, with the goal of minimizing the number of such instructions as well as the number of unreferenced but mapped storage locations. We prove the related decision problem NP-complete. We then present and compare the results of two heuristic approaches on some actual traces