117 research outputs found
Dynamics and Motional Coherence of Fermions Immersed in a Bose Gas
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den Einfluss eines Bosegases aus Natriumatomen auf die KohĂ€renz fermionischer Lithiumatome, die sich in einer Superposition zweier BewegungszustĂ€nde befinden. Zu diesem Zweck implementieren und charakterisieren wir ein Lithium-selektives Gitterpotential. Das Verschieben der Gitterposition koppelt ZustĂ€nde aus BlochbĂ€ndern unterschiedlicher ParitĂ€t und fĂŒhrt bei periodischer Modulation zu Rabi-Oszillationen zwischen dem ersten und zweiten Blochband. Mit Hilfe dieses Kopplungsmechanismus untersuchen wir die zeitliche Entwicklung der Lithiumatome in Ramsey- und Spin-Echo-Experimenten. Die Wechselwirkung mit den Natriumatomen verursacht einen KohĂ€renzzerfall der Lithiumatome, dessen Zerfallszeit wir durch den Vergleich der Spin-Echo-Signale mit und ohne bosonischem Hintergrund bestimmen. Wir beobachten, dass der Verlust der KohĂ€renz auf einer etwas lĂ€ngeren Zeitskala als die Relaxation zwischen den BlochbĂ€ndern erfolgt und schlieĂen daraus, dass der KohĂ€renzzerfall durch Relaxationsprozesse getrieben ist. Zudem ĂŒberprĂŒfen wir diese Schlussfolgerung anhand einer Mastergleichung, die die zeitliche Entwicklung einzelner Teilchen in einem Bosegas beschreibt. Unsere Berechnungen stimmen qualitativ mit unseren Beobachtungen ĂŒberein und bestĂ€tigen, dass die Dynamik der Lithiumatome durch Relaxationsprozesse dominiert ist
Feshbach spectroscopy and analysis of the interaction potentials of ultracold sodium
We have studied magnetic Feshbach resonances in an ultracold sample of Na
prepared in the absolute hyperfine ground state. We report on the observation
of three s-, eight d-, and three g-wave Feshbach resonances, including a more
precise determination of two known s-wave resonances, and one s-wave resonance
at a magnetic field exceeding 200mT. Using a coupled-channels calculation we
have improved the sodium ground-state potentials by taking into account these
new experimental data, and derived values for the scattering lengths. In
addition, a description of the molecular states leading to the Feshbach
resonances in terms of the asymptotic-bound-state model is presented.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure
Feshbach spectroscopy and scattering properties of ultracold Li+Na mixtures
We have observed 26 interspecies Feshbach resonances at fields up to 2050 G
in ultracold Li+Na mixtures for different spin-state combinations.
Applying the asymptotic bound-state model to assign the resonances, we have
found that most resonances have d-wave character. This analysis serves as
guidance for a coupled-channel calculation, which uses modified interaction
potentials to describe the positions of the Feshbach resonances well within the
experimental uncertainty and to calculate their widths. The scattering length
derived from the improved interaction potentials is experimentally confirmed
and deviates from previously reported values in sign and magnitude. We give
prospects for Li+Na and predict broad Feshbach resonances suitable
for tuning.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, version as published in PR
The ambivalent shadow of the pre-Wilsonian rise of international law
The generation of American international lawyers who founded the American Society of International Law in 1906 and nurtured the soil for what has been retrospectively called a âmoralistic legalistic approach to international relationsâ remains little studied. A survey of the rise of international legal literature in the U.S. from the mid-19th century to the eve of the Great War serves as a backdrop to the examination of the boosting effect on international law of the Spanish American War in 1898. An examination of the Insular Cases before the US Supreme Court is then accompanied by the analysis of a number of influential factors behind the pre-war rise of international law in the U.S. The work concludes with an examination of the rise of natural law doctrines in international law during the interwar period and the critiques addressed.by the realist founders of the field of âinternational relationsâ to the âmoralistic legalistic approach to international relation
The United Nations Security Council and the enforcement of international humanitarian law
This Article discusses the competences and powers of the UN Security Council in securing compliance with international humanitarian law, in particular through the adoption of the measures provided in Chapter VII of the Charter: The competence of the Council in this field can be founded on several legal grounds: on a broad interpretation of the notion of âthreat to the peaceâ (Article 39 of the Charter), on Article 94(2) with regard to the International Court of Justice's judgments establishing violations of the jus in bello and also on the customary duty to ensure respect for international humanitarian law as reflected in Article 1 Common to the 1949 Geneva Conventions on the Protection of the Victims of War. In particular, such customary provision empowers the Security Council to react to any violation of international humanitarian law regardless of a nexus with concerns of international stability. Although the Council has adopted a variety of measures in relation to violations of the laws of war, the most incisive ones are those provided in Articles 41 and 42 of Chapter VII, which however are not without problems. The role the Security Council has played in the enforcement of international humanitarian law has been criticized because of its selective and opportunistic approach, which is due to the political nature of the organ. Also, in several instances the Council, far from securing compliance with the jus in bello, has instead interfered with its application. However selective and imperfect the Council's approach might be, though, its power to adopt decisions binding on UN members and its competence to take or authorize coercive measures involving the use of force make it potentially a formidable instrument against serious violations of international humanitarian law, partly remedying the lack of enforcing mechanisms in the treaties on the laws of war
Construire des pratiques participatives dans les bibliothĂšques
Participer et faire participer les citoyens, les publics ? Qui participe, comment et jusquâoĂč ? Que devient le professionnel avec ce nouveau paradigme ? Comment emporter lâadhĂ©sion des habitants ? De plus en plus de bibliothĂšques sâengagent activement dans la participation, selon des modalitĂ©s et des niveaux dâimplication variĂ©s. Cette mutation des pratiques renouvelle les rĂ©flexions engagĂ©es autour des publics : ne plus seulement mettre les publics au centre du cercle mais crĂ©er les conditions pour les accompagner Ă dessiner ce cercle. Empowerment, co-construction, crowdsourcing, savoirs partagĂ©s, participation dĂ©mocratique⊠cet ouvrage permet de clarifier les notions attachĂ©es aux dynamiques participatives et propose un cadre de rĂ©flexion qui permettra aux bibliothĂ©caires de construire leurs modes dâaction entre PirateBox, BiblioRemix, comitĂ©s dâusagers, design de service et autres formes de projets participatifs. OrganisĂ© en trois parties - Repenser la bibliothĂšque ensemble, Partager les savoirs, DĂ©cider ensemble ? â ce volume prĂ©sente Ă©galement un ensemble de tĂ©moignages de praticiens du sujet, en France et aux Ătats-Unis, de la prĂ©figuration dâune bibliothĂšque Ă son rĂ©amĂ©nagement, en passant par la crĂ©ation de plateformes collaboratives et de nouveaux services. LâexpĂ©rience dâun musĂ©e et lâaventure dâun centre social viennent enrichir le panorama
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