Transgresión del principio de seguridad jurídica, una práctica recurrente en Colombia

With an analytical and comparative approach, the study of the principles of legal certainty and judicial independence, will be addressed, which are unknown and circumvented by various sectors of society. In addition, it will be seen that despite enjoying broad regulation and protection in the contemporary legal system, since it seeks to ensure its observance, the recurring transgression of these principles is a reality that generates all kinds of legal conflicts that in the end are transferred to the user primary of justice and the raison d'être of democratic states, the social conglomerate. Situation that leads to thinking about fundamental reforms that integrate a true separation and autonomy of the branches of power.Con un enfoque analítico y comparativo, se abordará el estudio de los principios de seguridad jurídica e independencia judicial, los cuales, son desconocidos por varios sectores de la sociedad. Además, se verá que, a pesar de gozar de amplia regulación y protección en el ordenamiento legal contemporáneo, donde se busca asegurar su observancia, la transgresión recurrente de estos principios es una realidad que genera toda clase de conflictos jurídicos, hacia el usuario primario de la justicia y la razón de ser de los Estados democráticos, el conglomerado social. Esta situación lleva a pensar en reformas de fondo que integren una verdadera separación y autonomía de las ramas del poder

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Memoria del primer foro sobre logros, problemas y propuestas de los cuerpos académicos de educación y humanidades de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México

Motivados por el interés de dialogar nuestras preocupaciones cotidianas en torno al quehacer académico en la Universidad, e impulsados por la inquietud de compartir puntos de vista y apreciaciones acerca de la forma en que organizamos colectivamente el trabajo académico (en especial, de investigación) en los diferentes espacios de especialización disciplinaria e interdisciplinaria en los campos de las Ciencias de la Educación y las Humanidades, asistimos a la convocatoria para reflexionar qué tanto hemos avanzado como verdaderos equipos de trabajo (sobre todo en lo relativo a la investigación) y cuánto aún nos queda por hacer, a fin de coordinar esfuerzos individuales y sumar capacidades en proyectos y actividades comunes a cada cuerpo académico