The prevalence of headache disorders in children and adolescents in Mongolia: a nationwide schools-based study

Background The Global Campaign against Headache collects data from children (7–11 years) and adolescents (12–17 years) both to inform health and education policies and to contribute to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. This survey in Mongolia was part of this global enquiry. Methods Following the generic protocol for the global enquiry, this was a schools-based cross-sectional survey. Self-completed structured questionnaires were administered, within classes, in seven schools in four districts of the Capital city and three rural areas of Mongolia, selected to represent the country’s diversities. Headache diagnostic questions were based on ICHD-3 criteria but for the inclusion of undifferentiated headache (UdH). Results Of 4515 potential participants, 4266 completed the questionnaire (children 2241 [52.5%], adolescents 2025 [47.5%]; males 2107 [49.4%], females 2159 [50.6%]). Children were therefore slightly over-represented, although overall mean age was 11.3 ± 3.3 years (range: 6–17; median 11). The non-participation proportion was 4.5%. Observed lifetime prevalence of headache was 81.0%. Gender- and age-adjusted 1-year prevalence was 59.4% (migraine: 27.3%; tension-type headache [TTH]: 16.1%; UdH: 6.6%; all headache on ≥15 days/month: 4.2%; probable medication-overuse headache: 0.7%). All headache types except UdH were more prevalent among females than males, and all were more prevalent among adolescents than children, although UdH represented a higher proportion of all headache in children (13.0%) than in adolescents (10.0%). Headache yesterday was reported by 15.9% of the sample, 26.0% of those with headache. Conclusions At least in adolescents, headache in Mongolia is no less common than in adults. The clear difference from similar studies in other countries was a lower prevalence of UdH, perhaps a consequence of reporting bias in a non-troublesome headache (mild and short-lasting by definition). This study informs policy in Mongolia and, with no similar study yet from elsewhere in Western Pacific Region, makes an important contribution to the global enquiry

The prevalence of primary headache disorders in children and adolescents in Zambia: a schools-based study

Background The Global Campaign against Headache collects data from children (6–11 years) and adolescents (12–17) to inform health and education policies and contribute to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. This survey in Zambia, part of this global enquiry, was the second from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods Following the generic protocol, this was a schools-based cross-sectional survey. We used the child and adolescent versions of the structured Headache-Attributed Restriction, Disability, Social Handicap and Impaired Participation (HARDSHIP) questionnaire, self-completed by pupils within classes, in a total of nine schools in Lusaka (urban) and Copperbelt (semi-rural). These two of Zambia’s ten provinces were selected to represent the country’s urban/rural divide. Headache diagnostic questions were based on ICHD-3 except for undifferentiated headache (UdH). Results Of 2,759 potential participants, 2,089 (615 children [29.4%], 1,474 adolescents [70.6%]) completed questionnaires (participating proportion 75.7%). Children were therefore under-represented (mean age 13.1 ± 2.8 years), while gender distribution (1,128 [54.0%] male, 961 [46.0%] female) was close to expectation. Observed lifetime prevalence of headache was 97.5%. Gender- and age-adjusted 1-year prevalence estimates were 85.8% for all headache, 53.2% for migraine (definite 17.5%, probable 35.7%), 12.1% for tension-type headache (TTH), 14.8% for UdH, 3.3% for all headache on ≥ 15 days/month and 0.9% for probable medication-overuse headache. Headache durations were short: only 28.6% of participants with any headache, and only 10.5% of those diagnosed as probable migraine, reported usual durations of > 2 h (the threshold for definite migraine). Of the latter, 36.6% reported < 1 h, the duration criterion for UdH. There were weak associations of migraine (definite + probable) with female gender, and of TTH and headache on ≥ 15 days/month with adolescence. Headache yesterday was reported by 22.2% of the sample, 25.5% of those with headache. Conclusions Headache disorders among young people are prevalent in Zambia. Among them, migraine is the most common, with UdH also highly prevalent. In this study there were diagnostic uncertainties, which rested to a large extent on the distinction between migraine and UdH among the many participants reporting headache of < 2 h’ duration. Similar uncertainties occurred in the first study in SSA, in Ethiopia. Because of these, we conclude only that migraine affects at least 17.5% of these age groups in Zambia, which is still a large proportion, adult prevalence in an earlier study being 22.9%. Supplementary estimates of attributed burden are needed to inform public-health and educational policies in Zambia

UROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BEHCETS-DISEASE

Behcet's disease, affecting mostly young males in the Mediterranean countries and Japan, is a multi-system disease with urological manifestations. In this prospective study of 100 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed Behcet's disease, we found that 89% of the males had experienced scrotal ulceration and 6% had epididymitis. We also observed sterile urethritis in 3%. Other urological abnormalities appeared to be coincidental findings

4-(4-Allyl-2-meth-oxyphen-oxy)benzene-1,2-dicarbonitrile

In the title compound, C18H14N2O2, the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 88.6 (1)°. The allyl group is disordered over two orientations, with refined occupancies of 0.695 (6) and 0.305 (6). The meth-oxy group is coplanar with the attached benzene ring. C - H?N inter-molecular hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into a C(6) chain along the a axis. The chain structure is further strengthened by C - H?? inter-actions. © International Union of Crystallography 2007

TRANSHIATAL ESOPHAGECTOMY FOR ESOPHAGEAL-CARCINOMA

Between 1979 and 1990 transhiatal oesophagectomy and reconstruction with stomach was performed in 148 patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus. Ninety-seven patients were men and 51 were women; ages ranged from 21 to 88 years with a mean of 57.4 years. Dysphagia and weight loss were the usual clinical symptoms. The mean duration of symptoms was 14 weeks. Squamous cell carcinoma was present in 129 patients (87.2 per cent), 18 patients (12.2 per cent) had adenocarcinoma, and one had lymphoma (0.7 per cent). In two-thirds of the patients tumours were located in the middle thoracic (50 of 148 patients) or distal thoracic oesophagus (59 of 148 patients). Three-quarters of the patients had tumours determined as stage III. The mean length of hospital stay after operation was 12.8 days. Anastomotic leakage occurred in 15 cases (10.1 per cent). Pulmonary complications other than pneumothorax were observed in 36 cases (24.3 per cent). The 30-day postoperative mortality rate was 8.1 per cent (12 of 148 patients). Respiratory insufficiency was observed as the major cause of death (six of 12 patients). Mediastinitis due to necrosis of the transposed stomach in the mediastinum was the cause of death in three cases. Two-year actuarial survival rates in patients with cervical, upper, middle and lower thoracic tumours were 20, 22, 26 and 30 per cent respectively. Transhiatal oesophagectomy is safe and offers limited morbidity and mortality, although pulmonary complications and anastomotic leakage in the early postoperative period still pose a significant risk, especially for elderly patients in poor condition

4-Amino-3,5-diethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole at 100 K: Chains of edge-fused R 44(10) and R44(20) rings

The title compound, C6H12N4, has four crystallographically independent mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. Inter-molecular N - H?N hydrogen bonds involving amino groups and triazole N atoms form a three-dimensional framework involving R 4 4(10) and R 4 4(20) rings. The hydrogen bonding is supported by weak C - H?? inter-actions. © International Union of Crystallography 2007

Guaiacol Substituted AzaPCs: A Novel Synthesis Method and Investigation of Photophysical Properties

Sasmaz, Selami/0000-0001-5311-7550WOS: 000437830500010AzaPCs containing tetra- and octaguaiacol moieties have not been investigated up to now. in this study, an unusual method is used for the synthesis of metalloAzaPCs (M: Zn, Co, Cu) containing guaiacol moieties. All compounds are characterized by a combination of FT-IR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, mass and UV/vis spectroscopy techniques. the molecular structure of starting pyrazine compounds 1 and 2 is also determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. the aggregation behavior of new Zn(II) AzaPCs is investigated in DMSO at different concentrations. the fluorescence properties of Zn(II) AzaPCs are investigated in different solvents. the fluorescence quantum yields of Zn(II) AzaPCs are calculated in DMSO.Recep Tayyip Erdogan UniversityRecep Tayyip Erdogan University [2014.102.02.04]This work was supported by the Recep Tayyip Erdogan University (project No. 2014.102.02.04)