Expression analysis of transcription factors from the interaction between cacao and Moniliophthora perniciosa (Tricholomataceae)

Cacao (Theobroma cacao) is one of the most important tropical crops; however, production is threatened by numerous pathogens, including the hemibiotrophic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, which causes witches' broom disease. To understand the mechanisms that lead to the development of this disease in cacao, we focused our attention on cacao transcription factors (TFs), which act as master regulators of cellular processes and are important for the fine-tuning of plant defense responses. We developed a macroarray with 88 TF cDNA from previously obtained cacao-M. perniciosa interaction libraries. Seventy-two TFs were found differentially expressed between the susceptible (Catongo) and resistant (TSH1188) genotypes and/or during the disease time course - from 24 h to 30 days after infection. Most of the differentially expressed TFs belonged to the bZIP, MYB and WRKY families and presented opposite expression patterns in susceptible and resistant cacao-M. perniciosa interactions (i.e., up-regulated in Catongo and down-regulated in TSH1188). The results of the macroarray were confirmed for bZIP and WRKY TFs by real-time PCR. These differentially expressed TFs are good candidates for subsequent functional analysis as well as for plant engineering. Some of these TFs could also be localized on the cacao reference map related to witches' broom resistance, facilitating the breeding and selection of resistant cacao trees. (Résumé d'auteur

Development, characterization and evaluation of the dissolution profile of sulfasalazine suspensions

This paper reports the development, characterization and in vitrodissolution behavior of sulfasalazine suspensions for treatment of chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases. Three formulations were developed, from powdered sulfasalazine obtained from different suppliers. The sulfasalazine was characterized regarding concentration, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), particle size distribution, polydispersion and solubility. The suspensions were developed and characterized regarding pH, viscosity, density, particle size, sedimentation volume, concentration and dissolution. The pH values were slightly acidic. The method of preparing the suspensions reduced the particle sizes and made the size distribution more homogeneous. The dissolution studies showed that the sulfasalazine suspensions had low solubility in acidic media, but dissolve quickly, reaching levels of 85%, in neutral media or media containing 0.5% of surfactants such as polysorbate 80. Besides this, the sulfasalazine suspensions were classified as having immediate dissolution because they reached dissolution levels near 100% in 20 minutes.</p

Levantamento sorológico de Mycobacterium avium subesp. paratuberculosis em bovinos leiteiros no estado do Espírito Santo

The occurrence of antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) was verified in dairy cattle from Espírito Santo state. A total of 1,450 serum samples were analyzed for antibodies anti-MAP, using ELISA. Dairy cattle, males and females, from four regions of Espírito Santo state were used. One hundred sixty-five (11.4%) samples were positive for anti-MAP, 33 (2.3%) were considered suspicious, and 1,252 (86.3%) were negative. In all regions, seropositive animals were found, indicating that the agent is spread by the State, posing a threat to the local dairy farming and neighboring states, as well as public health, since MAP can be involved with Crohn's disease in humans. This result presents the first serologic anti-MAP survey in dairy cattle of Espírito Santo State

Caracterização química e físico-hídrica de um Latossolo Vermelho após vinte anos de manejo e cultivo do solo Chemistry and physical-hydric characterization of a Red Latosol after 20 years of different soil use and management

O manejo e o cultivo alteram a estrutura do solo que, por sua vez, interfere em uma série de propriedades físico-hídricas na camada superficial. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar parâmetros químicos e físico-hídricos com implicações na agregação do solo, além da macroporosidade e disponibilidade de água em um Latossolo Vermelho submetido à semeadura direta e ao preparo com arado de discos por 20 anos, tendo como testemunha o solo sob Cerrado nativo. A semeadura direta, pela ausência de revolvimento e tráfego de máquinas, foi o sistema que mais alterou a estrutura do solo, na profundidade de 0-5 cm. Entretanto, este aspecto não indicou restrição para cultivo, tendo sido observado, neste sistema, maior disponibilidade de água nessa profundidade, em relação aos sistemas arado de discos e Cerrado. A densidade do solo na semeadura direta, nas profundidades 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 e 30-40 cm, foi inferior ou igual àquela do arado de discos, possivelmente em razão do maior teor de carbono orgânico presente no solo e ausência de revolvimento. O valor de diâmetro médio geométrico dos agregados até à profundidade de 10 cm foi maior no Cerrado, seguido da semeadura direta e arado de discos, não tendo sido encontradas diferenças significativas a partir desta profundidade. Na profundidade de 20-30 cm, o sistema de preparo com arado de discos foi o que mais alterou a estrutura do Latossolo Vermelho, evidenciado pelo maior valor da densidade do solo, menor volume de macroporos e maior deslocamento, para baixo, da curva característica de água no solo na faixa de tensão entre 0 e 6 kPa e, para cima, entre 6 e 100 kPa.<br>The management and tillage change the soil structure, which in turn interferes with a series of physic-hydraulic properties in the surface soil layer. This work had as objective to evaluate chemical and physical-hydraulic soil properties that have implications on soil aggregation, macroporosity, and the available soil water in Red Latosol (Oxisol), either cropped under no-tillage or disk plowed for 20 years. The control was a native Cerrado (savannah) vegetation. Because of the absence of soils tillage and reduced machinery traffic, the no-tilllage system led to a decrease in macropore volume at a soil depth of 0-5 cm. However, this change caused no restriction to cultivation since the largest soil water availability at this depth had been observed in this system in comparison to the other studied systems. Soil bulk densities in the area under no-till, in the studied depths, were smaller or equal to those of the area under disk plowing, possibly due to the higher organic carbon content in that system and the absence of soil revolvement. The observed mean geometric diameters of aggregates up to 10 cm depth, in descending order, were found in soils under native vegetation (Cerrado), no-till, and disk plow. No significant differences were found at greater depths. At the 20-30 cm depth, disk plowing was the system that affected the Red Latosol structure the most, as indicated by the largest value of soil bulk density, smaller macroporosity, and a larger downward displacement of the characteristic soil moisture curve in the tension range of 0 to 6 kPa and upwards for tensions between 6 and 100 kPa

Physical properties of a rhodic haplustox under two sugarcane harvesting systems

This study had the purpose of evaluating the effects of two management types of sugarcane: harvesting of burnt cane (BCH) and mechanized harvesting of unburnt green cane (MCH), on some soil physical properties of a dystrophic Rhodic Haplustox. The data were then compared with results for the same soil type under native forest. A completely randomized design was used, with three treatments and 20 replications. The following characteristics were determined: organic matter, aggregate stability, soil bulk density, and porosity at depths of 0-0.20 m and soil penetration resistance. After 15 years of cultivation, there were some alterations in the soil under cane burnt before harvesting, evidenced by a drop in the weighted average diameter of stable aggregates in water and increased soil bulk density. Significant changes were also detected in total porosity and pore distribution under both harvesting systems. Critical values for penetration resistance were observed in the area under mechanized sugar cane harvesting, with a value of 4.5 MPa in the 40-55 cm layer. This value is considered high and could indicate compaction and restriction of root growth. Soil properties under the green cane (unburned) management system were closest to those of the soil under native forest