Adaptation des prati ques d’élevage des producteurs de l’Ouest du Burkina Faso face aux contraintes foncières et sanitaires

Dans les exploitations agricoles familiales de l’Ouest du Burkina Faso, l’élevage joue un socio-économique et culturel important. Cependant sa productivité est limitée principalement par des contraintes alimentaires et sanitaires. Cet article analyse ses contraintes et la diversité des pratiques d’alimentation et de soins développées par les producteurs pour y faire face. Les données ont été collectées par la méthode active de recherche participative et par enquête auprès d’un échantillon raisonné de 120 exploitations de la commune de Koumbia. L’analyse de variance (ANOVA) a été utilisée pour comparer les caractéristiques structurelles des agriculteurs, agro-éleveurs et éleveurs et le test de Khi2 pourcomparer leurs pratiques d’élevage.Les résultats montrent que les stratégies d’alimentation des animaux sont plus variées que celles pour les soins. En saison des pluies, la taille élevée du cheptel des éleveurs ne leur permet pas l’accès aux bas-fonds (p < 0,01). Leurs animaux sont essentiellement sur les collines (p < 0,05) et illégalement dans les forêts classées (p < 0,5). En saison sèche, la pâture illégale des forêts classées par leurs animaux s’accentue (p < 0,01) et bon nombre partent en transhumance (p < 0,001). La distribution des résidus de cultures est marquée pour les veaux/velles (p < 0,001) et les vaches allaitantes (p < 0,001) chez les éleveurs, pour les boeufs de trait (p< 0,001) chez les agriculteurs et pour les animaux destinés à la vente chez les agro-éleveurs (p < 0,05). Les éleveurs distribuent plus de tourteau de coton aux vaches allaitantes (p < 0,001). Les agriculteurs vaccinent prioritairement les bovins tandis que les agro-éleveurs et éleveurs ciblent les bovins et les ovins (p < 0,01). Le déparasitage externe touche en premier lieu les bovins chez les agriculteurs et tous les ruminants chez les autres types de producteurs (p < 0,001). Des contraintes alimentaires et sanitaires handicapent l’élevage, dont l’amélioration de la productivité nécessite une synergie d’action des acteurs.Mots clés: exploitation agricole, pratiques d’élevage, alimentation du bétail, santé animale, Afrique de l’OuestEnglish Title: Diversity of breeding practices in western cotton zone of Burkina FasoEnglish AbstractIn the family farm in Burkina Faso West, the breeding have a socio-economic and cultural important part.However its productivity is limited mainly by the food and medical constraints.This article analyzes the constraints and the diversity of animal feeding and health practices developed by producers to make face. The data were collected through participative approach and by  investigation near reasoned sample of 120 farmers in the district of Koumbia. The Anova was used to compare the structural characteristics of the farmers, agro-stockbreeders and stockbreeders and the Khi2 test to compare their breeding practices.The results show that animal feeding strategies varied thanhealth strategies. In rainy season, the high size of the livestock of the stockbreeders does not give to them access underworld (p < 0,01). Their animals are primarily on the hills (p < 0.05) and illegally in the classified forests (p < 0.5). In dry season, the illegal grazing ground of the forests classified by their animals is accentuated (p < 0.01) and good number leave in transhumance (p < 0.001). The distribution of the residues of cultures is shacked with for calves (p < 0.001) and the suckler cows (p<0.001) in the stockbreeders, for oxen of feature (p < 0.001) in the farmers, for the animals to be soldin the agro-stockbreeders (p < 0.05).The stockbreeders distribute more oil cake of cotton to the suckler cows (p < 0.001). The farmers vaccinate the cattle firstly while the agro-stockbreeders and stockbreeders target the cattle and the sheep (p < 0,01). The external déparasitage initially touches the cattle in the farmers and all the ruminants at the other farmer’s types (p < 0.001).Food and medical constraints handicap the breeding.A synergy action of the actors is necessary to improve his productivity.Keywords: farm, breeding practices, animal feed, animal health, West Afric

Mise en place d’un Village Intelligent face au Climat pour la réduction des risques climatiques et de l’insécurité alimentaire à Daga-Birame, Sénégal. Guide de visite de terrain pour la Réunion du Comité Scientifique Indépendant du CCAFS

À Daga Birame, au Sénégal, CCAFS et ses partenaires ont mis en place un village climato-intelligent (CSV) dans lequel plusieurs activités sont menées. Sur la base de la vision du village et de son avenir, un ensemble d'actions ont été identifiées par la communauté afin d'atteindre les changements souhaités dans la productivité agricole et la sécurité alimentaire tels que les activités génératrices de revenus, l'amélioration de la résilience et la gestion durable des ressources naturelles du village. Ces actions ont été structurées autour de quatre composantes: Les services d'information climatologique (SIC); le développement des technologies / pratiques agricoles adaptées au climat; le renforcement de capacités des villageois et celle des connaissances et des institutions locales

In situ production of shoots derived from plantain strain-suckers by stimulation with cytokinin substances

Plantain ( Musa x paradisiaca L., AAB genomic group) is a useful supplement to the nutritional balance of populations in developing countries. The objective of this study was to improve the multiplication rate of in situ plantain (Musa x paradisiaca L.) seeds through the supply of substances with cytokinin activity. Suckers of 10 cm height and related to the parent plant, called strain-suckers, were used to produce shoots. The pseudo-trunk of plantain tree was decorticated, then the apical meristem extracted. Four milliliters of each substance (6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP)\ua0; Kin\ue9tine and Coconut water) were introduced in the cavity left by the extracted meristem. For each substances, the effect of the diameter of first-generation strain-suckers (d < 9; 9 < d < 12 cm and d > 12 cm) was tested. This operation was repeated once so as to have the second and third generations. BAP induced the highest number of buds after three generations. The optimal concentration of BAP was 40 mg L-1. Similarly, all concentrations of coconut water stimulated production of seedlings. Among different diameters of strain-suckers, the largest number of buds was induced with strain-suckers larger than 9 cm in diameter. The production of leafy shoots varied greatly, depending on the solutions tested and the size of strain-suckers used. After 3 to 4 months, seedlings obtained were ready to be transferred in the field.L\u2019objectif principal de la pr\ue9sente \ue9tude est d\u2019am\ue9liorer le taux de multiplication des semences in situ de bananier plantain ( Musa x paradisiaca L.) par apport de substances \ue0 activit\ue9 cytokinine. Les rejets ba\uefonnettes de plus de 10 cm de haut et li\ue9s \ue0 la plante m\ue8re ont \ue9t\ue9 r\ue9pertori\ue9s et appel\ue9s souche-rejets. Le pseudo tronc de ces derniers a \ue9t\ue9 d\ue9cortiqu\ue9 puis le m\ue9rist\ue8me apical extrait. Dans la cavit\ue9 laiss\ue9e par l\u2019extraction du m\ue9rist\ue8me, 4 ml des solutions de Benzylaminopurine (BAP)\ua0; de Kin\ue9tine (Kin) ou de l\u2019eau de coco y ont \ue9t\ue9 introduites. Cette op\ue9ration a \ue9t\ue9 r\ue9p\ue9t\ue9e de sorte \ue0 disposer des rejets de deuxi\ue8me et troisi\ue8me g\ue9n\ue9ration. La substance induisant le plus grand nombre de bourgeons a ensuite \ue9t\ue9 utilis\ue9e pour tester diff\ue9rents diam\ue8tres de rejets (d < 9 cm\ua0; 9 < d < 12 cm et d > 12 cm). La BAP a permis d\u2019induire le plus grand nombre de bourgeons apr\ue8s trois g\ue9n\ue9rations. La concentration optimale de BAP a \ue9t\ue9 de 40 mg L-1. De m\ueame, le lait de coco a permis de stimuler la production de plantules. Parmi les diff\ue9rents diam\ue8tres de rejets, le nombre moyen le plus important de bourgeons a \ue9t\ue9 induit avec les rejets de diam\ue8tre sup\ue9rieur \ue0 9 cm. La production de pousses feuill\ue9es a vari\ue9 fortement selon les solutions test\ue9es et la taille des rejets utilis\ue9s. Au bout de 3 \ue0 4 mois les plantules obtenues sont pr\ueates \ue0 \ueatre transf\ue9r\ue9es au champ

Mainstreaming gender and social differentiation into CCAFS research activities in West Africa: lessons learned and perspectives

This Info Note aims to present a summary of results from gender-related activities at the CSVs in West Africa. The gender mainstreaming included the capacity building of implementation team, the empowerment of women with gender sensitive activities and the understanding of gender perception on climate change and adaptation strategies

Understanding farm trajectories and development pathways: Two decades of change in southern Mali

Institutional support for smallholders has been the motor for the expanding cotton production sector in southern Mali since the 1970s. Smallholder farms exhibit diverse resource endowments and little is known on how they benefit from and cope with changes in this institutional support. In this paper we explore farm trajectories during two decades (1994 to 2010) and their link with farm resource endowment and government support. We distinguished a favourable period for cotton production and an unfavourable period during which institutional support collapsed. A panel survey that monitored 30 farms in the Koutiala district in southern Mali over this period was analysed. Based on indicators of resource endowment and using Ascending Hierarchical Classification (AHC), farms were grouped into four types: High Resource Endowed farms with Large Herds (HRE-LH), High Resource Endowed (HRE) farms, Medium Resource Endowed (MRE) farms and Low Resource Endowed (LRE) farms. Average yield, labour productivity and food self-sufficiency status of each type were calculated. Farms remaining in the same type were classified as ‘hanging in’, while farms moving to a type of higher yields, labour productivity and food self-sufficiency status were classified as ‘stepping up’, and farms following the opposite trajectory of deteriorating farming conditions were classified as ‘falling down’. The LRE farms differed from all other farm types due to lower yields, while both LRE and HRE farms differed from the MRE and HRE-LH farm types due to a combination of less labour productivity and less food self-sufficiency. During those two decades, 17% of the farms ‘stepped up’, while 70% of the farms remained ‘hanging in’, and only 13% of the farms ‘fell down'. We found no obvious negative impact of the collapse of government support on farm trajectories. For MRE, HRE and HRELH farms, average N and P use intensity increased from 1994 to 2004 and then decreased during the following cotton crisis. On the other hand, organic fertilizer use intensity increased continuously over the entire monitoring period for HRE-LH and MRE farms. Crop yields did not change significantly over time for any farm type and labour productivity decreased. We discuss how technical options specific for different farm types (increase in farm equipment, sale of cereals, incorporation of legumes and intensification of milk production) and broader institutional change (improvement in finance system and infrastructure, tariffs) can enhance ‘step up’ trajectories for farming households and avoid stagnation (‘hanging in’) of the whole agricultural sector

Mainstreaming gender and social differentiation into CCAFS research activities in West Africa: lessons learned and perspectives

This Info Note aims to present a summary of results from gender-related activities at the CSVs in West Africa. The gender mainstreaming included the capacity building of implementation team, the empowerment of women with gender sensitive activities and the understanding of gender perception on climate change and adaptation strategies

Case study of Daga-Birame CSV for CCAFS ISP11/6.1.2 – Senegal

Senegal, with 196,712 km2 land area, is located at the extreme west of the African continent (Longitudes 11°21W - 17°32N and Latitudes 12°8N - 16°41N). The country’s soils are in general of low fertility, fragile and very susceptible to wind and water erosion. The climate is of Sudano-Sahelian type characterized by alternating dry season (November to May) and rainy season (June to October). The 700 km coastline brings climatic differences between coastal areas and inland zones. Rainfall amount follows a latitudinal variation going from 300 mm in the north semi-desertic areas to 1200 mm in the south. Senegal is divided into 7 agro-ecological zones for management perspectives: River Valley, Niayes, Groundnut Basin (North and South), Silvo-Pastoral zone, Eastern Senegal and Upper Casamance, Lower Casamance (CIAT-BFS/USAID, 2016). The country’s economy is mainly driven by crop and livestock production contributing 17% of the GDP and employing about 70% of the population (NAPA, Republic of Senegal 2006). Like other sub-Saharan African countries, Senegal faces food insecurity as a consequence of climate variability and change combined with other global changes (Zougmoré et al., 2015)

Characterization of West and Central African accessions from a pearl millet reference collection for agro-morphological traits and Striga resistance

To promote the utilization of West and Central African (WCA) genetic resources of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.], this study aimed at agro-morphological characterization of selected accessions from the pearl millet reference collection, established by the Generation Challenge Program and the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). A total of 81 accessions were included, comprising 78 landraces originating from 13, predominantly WCA countries and three improved cultivars. All 81 accessions were evaluated together with 18 checks for resistance to the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. in an artificially infested field at one location in Niger. Determined by available seed quantity, 74 accessions were characterized together with seven checks in the rainy season 2009 in field trials under low-input and fertilized conditions in Nigeria, Niger and Mali, respectively. Wide ranges were observed for various traits. Several accessions were identified as sources for specific traits of interest, i.e. long panicles, high-grain density, earliness, Striga resistance and stable yielding across environments. The observed yield inferiority of all Genebank accessions compared with checks may indicate lost adaptation or inbreeding depression due to an insufficient effective population size during multiplication. A principal component analysis revealed an immense diversity but also strong admixture among the tested accessions, i.e. there were no clearly distinct groups. The seed of all genotypes is available from ICRISAT. The online availability of the characterization data is expected to facilitate efficient use of these pearl millet accessions by breeding programmes in WCA and worldwide