Pink Jeans

When an article about homosexuals covers a quarter of the front page it really doesn\u27t speak very well for your paper

Probabilistic Threat Assessment and Driver Modeling in Collision Avoidance Systems

This paper presents a probabilistic framework for decision-making in collision avoidance systems, targeting all types of collision scenarios with all types of single road users and objects. Decisions on when and how to assist the driver are made by taking a Bayesian approach to estimate how a collision can be avoided by an autonomous brake intervention, and the probability that the driver will consider the intervention as motivated. The driver model makes it possible to initiate earlier braking when it is estimated that the driver acceptance for interventions is high. The framework and the proposed driver model are evaluated in several scenarios, using authentic tracker data and a differential GPS. It is shown that the driver model can increase the benefit of collision avoidance systems — particularly in traffic situations where the future trajectory of another road user is hard for the driver to predict, e.g. when a playing child enters the roadway

Moment Estimation Using a Marginalized Transform

We present a method for estimating mean and covariance of a transformed Gaussian random variable. The method is based on evaluations of the transforming function and resembles the unscented transform and Gauss-Hermite integration in that respect. The information provided by the evaluations is used in a Bayesian framework to form a posterior description of the parameters in a model of the transforming function. Estimates are then derived by marginalizing these parameters from the analytical expression of the mean and covariance. An estimation algorithm, based on the assumption that the transforming function can be described using Hermite polynomials, is presented and applied to the non-linear filtering problem. The resulting marginalized transform (MT) estimator is compared to the cubature rule, the unscented transform and the divided difference estimator. The evaluations show that the presented method performs better than these methods, more specifically in estimating the covariance matrix. Contrary to the unscented transform, the resulting approximation of the covariance matrix is guaranteed to be positive-semidefinite

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-RIGHT TO BAIL

The Eighth Amendment of the Constitution provides that Excessive bail shall not be required . . . . This clause, as with all of the Bill of Rights, serves as a limitation on the federal government. From a very early date this provision has likewise established a boundary on the discretion of the federal courts in their exercise of criminal jurisdiction. Although this Eighth Amendment provision is a protection against federal encroachment, it does not limit the powers of states, arguments of individual Justices to the contrary notwithstanding. In the recent Supreme Court decision of Stack v. Boyle, this Court for the first time definitively summarized the federal right to bail under constitutional amendment and statutes. This case makes it desirable to formulate a statement of what the right consists of today, both in fundamental nature and in its application

RESTITUTION-UNJUST ENRICHMENT

Plaintiff brought an action of assumpsit against defendant national bank on a theory of unjust enrichment. Plaintiff and plaintiff\u27s father were two of the nine directors of defendant bank when the bank holiday was declared in 1933. As a condition to reopening, the Comptroller of the Currency required that unconditional contributions be made to undivided profits in the amount of $32,000. Each director agreed to advance a one-ninth part, with the understanding among themselves that repayment would be made when the bank was able to do so. With the knowledge of the other directors, plaintiff advanced his own share and the major part of his father\u27s. Permission was secured from the Comptroller in 1947 to refund the sums advanced in 1933. Plaintiff was not a member of the board when the repayment was approved, and his father had died years earlier. Plaintiff received his aliquot contribution, but the bank refused to repay the sum paid toward the father\u27s share, claiming a right to apply it against a note allegedly guaranteed by the father, though no such agreement existed with the plaintiff. On appeal from a judgment for plaintiff, held, affirmed. A cause of action grounded on unjust enrichment arose upon the repayment to the other directors, and obtained in spite of the absence of any contract, express or implied, that repayment would be made. Binns v. First National Bank of California, 367 Pa. 359, 80 A. (2d) 768 (1951)

WILLS-INTEGRATION

The requirement of formal attestation in the English Statute of Frauds of 1678 and the Statute of Wills of 1837 gave rise for the first time to the necessity of placing all testamentary dispositions in a single document. Prior to these statutes, all that had been necessary was that wills be in writing and exhibit the testamentary intent of the author. Therefore, plural writings, however inconsistent or fragmentary they might have been, were necessarily parts of the will to be given effect. No rules for integration were needed under such loose requirements of execution. Attestation under the Statute of Frauds and the Statute of Wills caused integration to become an indispensable element in the probate of separate sheets of paper as the will of a testator, though no express legislative statement required such integration. This same requirement of formal attestation in America has compelled the integration of testamentary acts. It remains, however, universally permissible to write a will on several separate pages. There is in no state a requirement that a will be written on a single sheet, although the rules applied to integration vary widely. It would seem clear that a better practice would be for the testator to sign each page, but it is not necessary that either he or the witnesses do so. In fact, wills have been upheld where the attestation clause and the witnesses\u27 signatures were on different sheets from that of the testator\u27s signature, even where space enough existed on the sheet signed by the testator for the attestation clause and the signature of the witnesses; or where the dispositive clauses of the will and the testator\u27s signature were on entirely separate pieces of paper

Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration: 9 Years Experience from a Single Center

AbstractINTRODUCTIONThe aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) through cholangiotomy with T-tube placement in one séance for common bile duct stones (CBDS).METHODSBetween January 2005 and December 2010, a total of 99 patients with CBDS stones undergoing LCBDE with T-tube insertion at Enköping Hospital, Sweden, were registered prospectively. All patients were followed up by review of the patient records according to a standardised protocol.RESULTS No severe intraoperative complications were registered. Four procedures required conversion to open cholecystectomy due to impacted stones or technical difficulty. The mean operative time was 194 minutes (standard deviation [SD] 57 minutes). The mean postoperative hospital stay was 4.8 days, SD 2.4 days. At secondary cholangiography, 2 (2%) retained stones were found. Two (2%) patients had minor bile leakage, which resolved spontaneously. None of the patients experienced biliary peritonitis, biliary fistula, pancreatitis, or cholangitis. No death within thirty days after surgery was seen. No patient was readmitted with clinical signs of stricture.CONCLUSIONIf performed by a surgeon familiar with the technique, LCBDE is a safe and feasible alternative for managing CBDS. The advantages are most pronounced in the case of multiple and large CBDS. The risk for retained stones and stricture is low