Produção de papel e açúcares a partir de biomassa florestal.

Resumo

Certificação e selos de qualidade asseguram requisitos na produção.

Em 2011, o Committee on Fisheries (Cofi) da Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) comitê de pesca da FAO, órgão da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) aprovou o documento que contém as Diretrizes Técnicas para Certificação da Aquicultura, visando ao desenvolvimento, à organização e à implementação de regimes confiáveis de certificação de aquicultura. Os países signatários deverão internalizá-lo e usá-lo como base para adaptar ou criar as normas relacionadas ao tema. O documento abrange questões de saúde e bem-estar animal, segurança alimentar, integridade ambiental e aspectos socioeconômicos

Chironomidae (Diptera, Insecta) do reservatório de Furnas (MG) e sua relação com a qualidade da água.

Resumo: Com a crescente expansão da criação de peixes em tanques rede advinda da prática da aquicultura, alterações na qualidade da água e em todo o ecossistema relacionado podem ocorrer. Sabe-se que a ocorrência de larvas de certas espécies da família Chironomidae (Diptera) associada a variáveis físicas e químicas da água pode ser adotada como indicador de impactos. Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo levantar a fauna de Chironomidae presente na área profundal do entorno de tanques rede no Reservatório de Furnas (MG) e determinar sua relação com a qualidade da água. O sedimento de fundo foi coletado com o auxílio de uma draga de Ekman-Birge, em tréplicas, em seis pontos com 16 m de profundidade em média, sendo um ponto localizado em área sem produção aquícola e os demais em pontos com produção. Após a coleta, as amostras foram triadas em laboratório utilizando-se microscópio estereoscópico e as larvas foram montadas em lâmina para identificação taxonômica em nível de gênero. Ao todo, 765 indivíduos foram identificados, sendo em sua maioria da subfamília Chironominae. Os indivíduos foram enquadrados em grupos tróficos funcionais, onde se encontrou uma maior abundância de indivíduos coletores catadores indicando alta concentração de matéria orgânica no sistema. Abstract: With the increasing expansion of fish farming in cages arising from the practice of aquaculture, changes in water quality and all related ecosystem may occur. It is known that the occurrence of larvae of certain species of the family Chironomidae (Diptera) associated with physical and chemical parameters can be adopted as an indicator of impacts. This study aimed to raise the Chironomidae fauna present in the deep area around cages in Furnas Reservoir (MG) and to determine its relationship with water quality. The bottom sediment was collected with the aid of an Ekman-Birge dredge in rejoinders in six points of 16 m deep on average, with a point located in an area without aquaculture and other on points with production. After collection, the samples were screened in the laboratory using a stereoscopic microscope and larvae were mounted on slides for taxonomic identification at genus level. In all, 765 individuals were identified, mostly subfamily Chironominae. Individuals were classified into functional feeding groups, where they found a greater abundance of individuals collectors gatherers indicating high concentration of organic matter in the system

Competição de cultivares de milho precoces em Ouro Preto D'Oeste.

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What can genetics tell us about the history of a human-mediated introduction of the golden-striped salamander south of its native range?

The golden-striped salamander is a streamside species endemic to the northwestern corner of the Iberian Peninsula. In the first half of the twentieth century, an undisclosed number of individuals of this species were reportedly captured in Buçaco, Central Portugal, and deliberately introduced in Sintra Mountains, 170 km south of its native distribution range. The discovery of a breeding population of this salamander in Sintra during 2015 prompted this work: we used neutral genetic markers, the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b (cytb), and seven microsatellite loci to elucidate on the relict/human-introduced nature of Sintra population, identify the potential source population, and infer the severity of founder effect. Our results support a human-mediated introduction. First, sequencing analysis of cytb showed the presence of a unique haplotype (h31) in Sintra, which was detected only in Buçaco and in two additional populations located close to Mondego river. Second, microsatellite analysis showed that Sintra is more closely related to populations in between Douro and Mondego rivers (Central Portugal), instead of its geographically closest populations (southernmost), as would be expected if Sintra was a relict population isolated in an interglacial refuge. Third, Sintra presents both reduced levels of genetic variability and effective population size when compared to native populations, particularly to those of Central Portugal. Consistent with an isolated population funded by a small number of individuals (inferred herein to be ca. 10–11 salamanders), Sintra forms a geographically coherent genetic unit that is significantly differentiated from the extant native C. lusitanica populations. Although our data provide supporting evidence for Buçaco as a likely source population, as documented in the literature, overall, we cannot unequivocally exclude other populations close to Mondego river as a potential source of the introduced individuals in Sintra.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Evolution of the eyes of vipers with and without infrared-sensing pit organs

We examined lens and brille transmittance, photoreceptors, visual pigments, and visual opsin gene sequences of viperid snakes with and without infrared-sensing pit organs. Ocular media transmittance is high in both groups. Contrary to previous reports, small as well as large single cones occur in pit vipers. Non-pit vipers differ from pit vipers in having a twotiered retina, but few taxa have been examined for this poorly understood feature. All vipers sampled express rh1, sws1 and lws visual opsin genes. Opsin spectral tuning varies but not in accordance with the presence/absence of pit organs, and not always as predicted from gene sequences. The visual opsin genes were generally under purifying selection, with positive selection at spectral tuning amino acids in RH1 and SWS1 opsins, and at retinal pocket stabilization sites in RH1 or LWS (and without substantial differences between pit and nonpit vipers). Lack of evidence for sensory trade-off between viperid eyes (in the aspects examined) and pit organs might be explained by the high degree of neural integration of vision and infrared detection; the latter representing an elaboration of an existing sense with addition of a novel sense organ, rather than involving the evolution of a wholly novel sensory system

Basketball game-related statistics that discriminate between teams season-long success

The aim of the present study was to identify the game-related statistics that discriminate between season-long successful and unsuccessful basketball teams participating in the Spanish Basketball League (LEB1). The sample included all 145 average records per season from the 870 games played between the 2000-2001 and the 2005-2006 regular seasons. The following game-related statistics were gathered from the official box scores of the Spanish Basketball Federation: 2- and 3-point field-goal attempts (both successful and unsuccessful), free-throws (both successful and unsuccessful), defensive and offensive rebounds, assists, steals, turnovers, blocks (both made and received), and fouls (both committed and received). To control for season variability, all results were normalized to minutes played each season and then converted to z-scores. The results allowed discrimination between best and worst teams' performances through the following game-related statistics: assists (SC=0.47), steals (SC=0.34), and blocks (SC=0.30). The function obtained correctly classified 82.4% of the cases. In conclusion, season-long performance may be supported by players' and teams' passing skills and defensive preparation