47 research outputs found
Winds of WolfβRayet stars: phenomenology of mass loss
Population I WolfβRayet (WR) stars are the evolved descendants of massive (M β₯ 25M) O-type stars. The dense, fast radiatively-drivenWR winds efficiently hide all vital information about basic characteristics of the stellar cores. Observing binary systems with WR components, we put firm limits on the sizes and luminosities ofWR stars. In attempt to understand dynamics of the outflows, we study the micro-structure of WR winds, finding that they are composed from numerous dense clumps. The growing evidence that WR stars may be linked (collapsars) to the long Gamma Ray Bursters raises a question about rotation rates of WR stars. First results based on the observations of globally-structured winds of some WR stars show that they may be considered as moderately fast rotators. There is one more fascinating feature of the WR mass loss: some carbon-reach WR stars may form dust, thus placing them among the first prodigious dust-producers in the early Universe. Though we are yet to find how dust is formed in the extremely hostile environment of WR winds, we have made substantial progress over the past decade. Recent high spatial resolution near/mid-infrared imaging at the HST, Keck and Gemini, combined with abundant optical/UV spectroscopy and photometry, allows to map rapidly changing environments of the dust-forming regions and derive some basic properties of the freshly formed dust
HF radiation pulse source locating in DIN-2K accelerator
Experiments aimed at locating the source generating an HF pulse during the opening of the plasma switch and leading to explosive electron emission at the cathode were performed on DIN-2K pulse accelerator. It is demonstrated that certain lamps glow during the explosive electron emission pulse. This may point to the possible HF pulse generation during the opening of a plasma switch or radial interruption of current. In order to locate the radiation source the FR-2 dielectric insert was introduced into the vacuum diode and Ne lamps were placed over the anode mesh. The thickness of this insert was chosen to be larger than the electron penetration depth. The lack of Ne indicator lamps glow when the anode was shielded by an FR-2 insert was observed as opposed to the case of operation with the vacuum diode as a load. The virtual cathode caused by the explosive emission from the cathode is shown to be the source of HF radiation.ΠΠ° ΡΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΠΠ-2Π Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Π· ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΠ§-ΡΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ° Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΅ΠΌΡΡΡΡ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ² Π· ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ² Π²ΡΠ΄ Π°Π½ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΎΡ Π· ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ³Ρ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ² Ρ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π· Π²ΡΠΊΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π°Ρ
ΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π»Π°ΠΌΠΏ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π³Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π° Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ° ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π»Π°ΠΌΠΏΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π°Π½ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π°Ρ
Π»Π°ΠΌΠΏ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΅ΠΌΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΠ§-ΡΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈ, Π°Π±ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΌΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΅ΠΌΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ.ΠΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ ΠΠΠ-2Π Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ§-ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π·ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ Π°Π½ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π³Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π½Π° Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π° ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π»Π°ΠΌΠΏ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π³Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°, ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π»Π°ΠΌΠΏΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π°Π½ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π°ΠΌΠΏ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π·ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ§-ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠΊΠΈ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²Π·ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°
Surgical Treatment of Fractures of Long Tubular Bones of Elderly and Old-Aged People with the Usage of Shape Memory Implants
The article's abstract is no available
Modification and alloying effects in Eurofer steel under powerful pulsed plasma impacts
Experimental studies of surface modification of Eurofer samples have been performed with a quasi-stationary plasma accelerator QSPA Kh-50. The heat load on the surface was near the tungsten melting threshold (i.e. about 0.6 MJ/mΒ²). The plasma streams exposures result in modification of steel-based materials and formation of cellular submicron structures in re-solidified layers. Phase characterized by body-centered cubic lattice appeared due to recrystallization of affected material.ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ Π·ΡΠ°Π·ΠΊΡΠ² Eurofer ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·Ρ-ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΠ‘ΠΠ Π₯-50. Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΡ (ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎ 0,6 ΠΠΠΆ/ΠΌΒ²). ΠΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ Eurofer ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ±ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π€Π°Π·Π°, ΡΠΊΠ° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±'ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ, Π·'ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π²Π½Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ.ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Eurofer ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ ΠΠ‘ΠΠ£ Π₯-50. Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ° ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° (ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 0,6 ΠΠΠΆ/ΠΌΒ²). ΠΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Eurofer ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ±ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅. Π€Π°Π·Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°
Influence of the energy parameters of the primary circuit on the current characteristics of the DIN-2K accelerator
Optimal voltage values were established for plasma guns and the pulsed current generator providing maximum break current values. The current values were determined for the plasma jumper formation region. The optimal time delay between the triggering of the plasma guns and the pulsed current generator has been established. The beam current was measured in the region behind the vacuum diode and in the plasma jumper region. The ultimate current was determined for the available plant geometry.ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠ°Ρ Ρ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΌΡ, ΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠ²Ρ. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΌΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΊΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΆ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠ°Ρ Ρ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΌΡ. Π‘ΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π²ΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ Π·Π° Π²Π°ΠΊΡΡΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΌ Π±ΡΠ² Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ
Biosensors. A quarter of a century of R&D experience
The paper is a review of the researches of Biomolecular Electronics Laboratory concerning the development of biosensors based on electrochemical transducers (amperometric and conductometric electrodes, potentiometric pH-sensitive field effect transistors) and different biorecognition molecules (enzymes, cells, antibodies), biomimics (molecularly imprinted polymers), as sensitive elements for direct analysis of substrates or inhibitory analysis of toxicants. Highly specific, sensitive, simple, fast and cheap detection of different substances renders them as promising tools for needs of health care, environmental control, biotechnology, agriculture and food industries. Diverse biosensor formats for direct determination of different analytes and inhibitory enzyme analysis of a number of toxins have been designed and developed. Improvement of their analytical characteristics may be achieved by using differential mode of measurement, negatively or positively charged additional semipermeable membranes, nanomaterials of different origin, genetically modified enzymes. These approaches have been aimed at increasing the sensitivity, selectivity and stability of the biosensors and extending their dynamic ranges. During the last 25 years more than 50 laboratory prototypes of biosensor systems based on mono- and multibiosensors for direct determination of a variety of metabolites and inhibitory analysis of different toxic substances were created. Some of them were tested in real samples analysis. The advantages and disadvantages of the biosensors developed are discussed. The possibility of their practical application is considered.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Ρ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΡΠ² Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ² (Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎ- Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ-ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈ) Ρ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
Π±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΠΏΡΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ» (ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ»Π°), Π±ΡΠΎΠΌΡΠΌΡΠΊΡΠ² Π°Π±ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΡΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ² Π°Π±ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π³ΡΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ². ΠΠ°Π²Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ° Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΊΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π± ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²βΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡΠ»Π»Ρ, Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡ, ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ. Π ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΡΡΠ² ΡΠ° ΡΠ½Π³ΡΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡ
Π½ΡΡ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ³ΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Ρ, Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π°Π±ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΡΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½, Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ² ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ, Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΎ. ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ² Π·ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΡΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Ρ. Π£ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
25 ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ² Π²ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠΊ 50 Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ² Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎ- Ρ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΡΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ² ΡΠ° ΡΠ½Π³ΡΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ². ΠΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ Π· Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π·ΡΠ°Π·ΠΊΡΠ². Π ΠΎΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π³ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΡΠ² ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡ
Π½ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ (Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎ- ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ-ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡ) ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ» (ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π°), Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΏ- ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ². Π£Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½, Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
25 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 50 Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎ- ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅- ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±- ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ². Π ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°- Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊ- ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
From nonassociativity to solutions of the KP hierarchy
A recently observed relation between 'weakly nonassociative' algebras A (for
which the associator (A,A^2,A) vanishes) and the KP hierarchy (with dependent
variable in the middle nucleus A' of A) is recalled. For any such algebra there
is a nonassociative hierarchy of ODEs, the solutions of which determine
solutions of the KP hierarchy. In a special case, and with A' a matrix algebra,
this becomes a matrix Riccati hierarchy which is easily solved. The matrix
solution then leads to solutions of the scalar KP hierarchy. We discuss some
classes of solutions obtained in this way.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, International Colloquium 'Integrable Systems and
Quantum Symmetries', Prague, 15-17 June 200
ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 9-ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ»Π°
Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 9-ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ»Π° Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ 66 ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ»Π° ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.The work purpose β to design lecture installation 9 ethoxydibenzo-pyrroles with a power of 66 tons per year. Object of development is the dibenzo-pyrrole alkylation etilenkhlorgidriny in the presence of acetone and sodium hydroxide. The purpose of projection is development of a complex of the interdependent processes providing development of the required product of the necessary quality
Investigation of ecological constraints influence on competitiveness of nuclear power plants
The purpose of the present study is to compare economic efficiency of nuclear power plants and plants on fossil fuel for short-term and long-term (until 2050) perspective and further forecasts specification of nuclear power generation development in Russia and in the world on the background of world energy as a whole.
Technical and economic indicators of power plants of different types are systematized taking into account their uncertainty margins. Competitiveness of power plants of different types was estimated according to cost of electricity produced. The cost of electricity is presented as the sum of components taking into account cost of construction, operational costs, decommissioning costs, fuel costs, and payments for emissions. It was demonstrated that if payment for emissions are not included power sources of all the examined types can be competitive on the energy markets (under certain conditions), including the markets in Russia. If payments for greenhouse gases emission are included in the calculations nuclear power plants become the most cost effective power source.
Additional comparison of power sources of different types taking into account system effects was performed using the GEM model (global energy model). The calculations demonstrated that under all three examined scenarios the scales of nuclear energy use are expected to increase. This growth will be the most significant in case of imposition of strict environmental restrictions (approximately by 4 times by the middle of the century in Russia and by 3.5 times in the world)
A tsunami wave recorded near a glacier front
We observed a tsunami wave near the glacier front in the Temple Fjord (Spitsbergen). Two temperature and pressure recorders were deployed on a wire from the ice approximately 300 m from the glacier front. A pressure recorder was located under them on the bottom. The vertical displacement of the ice was approximately 30 cm and the period of the tsunami wave was 90 s. We attribute the generation of this wave to the displacement of the glacier similarly to the landslide tsunami generated by the motion of a block of rocks down the sloping bottom. The glacier motion also generated a short-period (12 s) deformation wave in the ice cover. The measurements allowed us to estimate the wave number of these waves and the Young's modulus of the ice