1,052 research outputs found
Callous-Unemotional Traits among Children and Adolescents in Asian Cultures: A Systematic Review
Considerable evidence now exists for callous and unemotional (CU) traits as markers for a high-risk pathway to child and adolescent conduct problems implicating unique risk processes and treatment needs, but research has been limited largely to Western countries. We review the evidence base related to CU traits in Asian countries that has emerged in recent years, with respect to four key questions. Specifically, are higher CU traits among Asian children and adolescents associated with (1) increased severity of conduct problems; (2) similar neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive correlates as reported in Western countries; (3) similar environmental risk factors as reported in Western countries; and (4) poorer treatment outcomes? A systematic search identified 28 studies that have reported on child and adolescent CU traits in Asian countries. Consistent with Western samples, CU traits were associated with individual risk factors including atypical neural activation during cognitive tasks and poor empathy, as well as parenting risk factors. CU traits were also positively associated with most measures of conduct problems. Differences from findings in Western samples, however, emerged for areas such as correlates of reactive aggression and delinquent peer influence. Treatment has been investigated in only one study to date and is therefore a high priority for future research. The limitations of existing evidence are addressed along with key directions for future cross-cultural research, including measurement research with children and adolescents.</p
Callous-Unemotional Traits among Children and Adolescents in Asian Cultures: A Systematic Review
Considerable evidence now exists for callous and unemotional (CU) traits as markers for a high-risk pathway to child and adolescent conduct problems implicating unique risk processes and treatment needs, but research has been limited largely to Western countries. We review the evidence base related to CU traits in Asian countries that has emerged in recent years, with respect to four key questions. Specifically, are higher CU traits among Asian children and adolescents associated with (1) increased severity of conduct problems; (2) similar neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive correlates as reported in Western countries; (3) similar environmental risk factors as reported in Western countries; and (4) poorer treatment outcomes? A systematic search identified 28 studies that have reported on child and adolescent CU traits in Asian countries. Consistent with Western samples, CU traits were associated with individual risk factors including atypical neural activation during cognitive tasks and poor empathy, as well as parenting risk factors. CU traits were also positively associated with most measures of conduct problems. Differences from findings in Western samples, however, emerged for areas such as correlates of reactive aggression and delinquent peer influence. Treatment has been investigated in only one study to date and is therefore a high priority for future research. The limitations of existing evidence are addressed along with key directions for future cross-cultural research, including measurement research with children and adolescents.</p
Gravitational anomalies signaling the breakdown of classical gravity
Recent observations for three types of astrophysical systems severely
challenge the GR plus dark matter scenario, showing a phenomenology which is
what modified gravity theories predict. Stellar kinematics in the outskirts of
globular clusters show the appearance of MOND type dynamics on crossing the
threshold. Analysis shows a ``Tully-Fisher'' relation in these systems,
a scaling of dispersion velocities with the fourth root of their masses.
Secondly, an anomaly has been found at the unexpected scales of wide binaries
in the solar neighbourhood. Binary orbital velocities cease to fall along
Keplerian expectations, and settle at a constant value, exactly on crossing the
threshold. Finally, the inferred infall velocity of the bullet cluster
is inconsistent with the standard cosmological scenario, where much smaller
limit encounter velocities appear. This stems from the escape velocity limit
present in standard gravity; the ``bullet'' should not hit the ``target'' at
more than the escape velocity of the joint system, as it very clearly did.
These results are consistent with extended gravity, but would require rather
contrived explanations under GR, each. Thus, observations now put us in a
situation where modifications to gravity at low acceleration scales cease to be
a matter of choice, to now become inevitable.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings 38,
4
RS1, Higher Derivatives and Stability
We demonstrate the classical stability of the weak/Planck hierarchy within
the Randall-Sundrum scenario, incorporating the Goldberger-Wise mechanism and
higher-derivative interactions in a systematic perturbative expansion. Such
higher-derivative interactions are expected if the RS model is the low-energy
description of some more fundamental theory. Generically, higher derivatives
lead to ill-defined singularities in the vicinity of effective field theory
branes. These are carefully treated by the methods of classical
renormalization.Comment: 30 page
Superconductivity near the vibrational mode instability in MgCNi3
To understand the role of electron-phonon interaction in superconducting
MgCNi we have performed density functional based linear response
calculations of its lattice dynamical properties. A large coupling constant = 1.51 is predicted and contributing phonons are identified as
displacements of Ni atoms towards octahedral interstitials of the perovskite
lattice. Instabilities found for some vibrational modes emphasize the role of
anharmonic effects in resolving experimental controversies.Comment: 4 pages, 4 eps figures, replaces the older versio
The one-loop vacuum energy and RG flow induced by double-trace operators in AdS/CFT and dS/CFT correspondence
We calculate the difference of one-loop vacuum energies for massive scalar
field in five-dimensional AdS black hole. (The same is done in five-dimensional
deSitter space). In each case this difference is specified by the boundary
conditions corresponding to the double-trace operator (massive term) and it
describes RG flow in the manner discussed by Gubser-Mitra for pure AdS space.
For AdS black hole there occurs instability which is the manifestation of the
Hawking-Page phase transition. For stable phase of AdS black hole as well as
for deSitter bulk, c-function found beyond the leading order approximation
shows the monotonic behaviour consistent with c-theorem.Comment: LaTeX file, 3 eps files, 26 pages. The discussion is clarified,
version to appear in PR
Complementarity of the Maldacena and Karch-Randall Pictures
We perform a one-loop test of the holographic interpretation of the
Karch-Randall model, whereby a massive graviton appears on an AdS_4 brane in an
AdS_5 bulk. Within the AdS/CFT framework, we examine the quantum corrections to
the graviton propagator on the brane, and demonstrate that they induce a
graviton mass in exact agreement with the Karch-Randall result. Interestingly
enough, at one loop order, the spin 0, spin 1/2 and spin 1 loops contribute to
the dynamically generated (mass)^2 in the same 1: 3: 12 ratio as enters the
Weyl anomaly and the 1/r^3 corrections to the Newtonian gravitational
potential.Comment: 20 pages, Revtex 3, Discussion on the absence of a scalar ghost
clarified; Additional details on the computation give
Wide binaries as a critical test of Classical Gravity
Modified gravity scenarios where a change of regime appears at acceleration
scales have been proposed. Since for systems the
acceleration drops below at scales of around 7000 AU, a statistical
survey of wide binaries with relative velocities and separations reaching
AU and beyond should prove useful to the above debate. We apply the
proposed test to the best currently available data. Results show a constant
upper limit to the relative velocities in wide binaries which is independent of
separation for over three orders of magnitude, in analogy with galactic flat
rotation curves in the same acceleration regime. Our results are
suggestive of a breakdown of Kepler's third law beyond
scales, in accordance with generic predictions of modified gravity theories
designed not to require any dark matter at galactic scales and beyond.Comment: accepted for publication in EPJ
The temporal dynamics of Arc expression regulate cognitive flexibility
YesNeuronal activity regulates the transcription and
translation of the immediate-early gene Arc/Arg3.1,
a key mediator of synaptic plasticity. Proteasomedependent
degradation of Arc tightly limits its
temporal expression, yet the significance of this
regulation remains unknown. We disrupted the temporal
control of Arc degradation by creating an Arc
knockin mouse (ArcKR) where the predominant Arc
ubiquitination sites were mutated. ArcKR mice had
intact spatial learning but showed specific deficits
in selecting an optimal strategy during reversal
learning. This cognitive inflexibility was coupled to
changes in Arc mRNA and protein expression resulting
in a reduced threshold to induce mGluR-LTD and
enhanced mGluR-LTD amplitude. These findings
show that the abnormal persistence of Arc protein
limits the dynamic range of Arc signaling pathways
specifically during reversal learning. Our work
illuminates how the precise temporal control of activity-dependent
molecules, such as Arc, regulates synaptic
plasticity and is crucial for cognition.Open access funded by Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Counci
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