Stepped vitrification technique for human ovarian tissue cryopreservation

The advantage of stepped vitrification (SV) is avoiding ice crystal nucleation, while decreasing the toxic effects of high cryoprotectant concentrations. We aimed to test this method for human ovarian tissue cryopreservation. Ovarian cortex was taken from 7 fertile adult women. Samples were subjected to an SV protocol performed in an automatic freezer, which allowed sample transfer to ever higher concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the temperature was reduced. Histological evaluation of the vitrified-warmed tissue showed large numbers of degenerated follicles after 24 hours of in vitro culture. We therefore evaluated DMSO perfusion rates by X-ray computed tomography, ice crystal formation by freeze-substitution, and cell toxicity by transmission electron microscopy, seeking possible reasons why follicles degenerated. Although cryoprotectant perfusion was considered normal and no ice crystals were formed in the tissue, ultrastructural analysis detected typical signs of DMSO toxicity, such as mitochondria degeneration, alterations in chromatin condensation, cell vacuolization and extracellular matrix swelling in both stromal and follicular cells. The findings indicated that the method failed to preserve follicles due to the high concentrations of DMSO used. However, adaptations can be made to avoid toxicity to follicles caused by elevated levels of cryoprotectants.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) 2016/22947-

Assessing Tn5 and sleeping beauty for transpositional transgenesis by cytoplasmic injection into bovine and ovine zygotes

Transgenic domestic animals represent an alternative to bioreactors for large-scale production of biopharmaceuticals and could also provide more accurate biomedical models than rodents. However, their generation remains inefficient. Recently, DNA transposons allowed improved transgenesis efficiencies in mice and pigs. In this work, Tn5 and Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon systems were evaluated for transgenesis by simple cytoplasmic injection in livestock zygotes. In the case of Tn5, the transposome complex of transposon nucleic acid and Tn5 protein was injected. In the case of SB, the supercoiled plasmids encoding a transposon and the SB transposase were co-injected. In vitro produced bovine zygotes were used to establish the cytoplasmic injection conditions. The in vitro cultured blastocysts were evaluated for reporter gene expression and genotyped. Subsequently, both transposon systems were injected in seasonally available ovine zygotes, employing transposons carrying the recombinant human factor IX driven by the beta-lactoglobulin promoter. The Tn5 approach did not result in transgenic lambs. In contrast, the Sleeping Beauty injection resulted in 2 lambs (29%) carrying the transgene. Both animals exhibited cellular mosaicism of the transgene. The extraembryonic tissues (placenta or umbilical cord) of three additional animals were also transgenic. These results show that transpositional transgenesis by cytoplasmic injection of SB transposon components can be applied for the production of transgenic lambs of pharmaceutical interest.Instituto de BiotecnologíaFil: Bevacqua, Romina Jimena. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Pabellón de Zootecnica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Fernández y Martín, Rafael. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Pabellón de Zootecnica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Canel, Natalia Gabriela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Pabellón de Zootecnica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario; ArgentinaFil: Gibbons, Alejandro Eduardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Texeira, D.I.A. Universidade Estadual do Ceará. Faculdade de Veterinária; BrasilFil: Lange, F. Universidad Maimónides. Laboratorio de Clonación y Transgenesis; ArgentinaFil: Vans Landschoot, Geraldina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Pabellón de Zootecnica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fil: Lange, F. Universidad Maimónides. Laboratorio de Clonación y Transgenesis; ArgentinaFil: Savy, Virginia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Pabellón de Zootecnica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Briski, Olinda. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Pabellón de Zootecnica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Hiriart, María Inés. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Pabellón de Zootecnica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Grueso, Esther. Paul-Ehrlich-Institute; AlemaniaFil: Ivics, Zoltán. Paul-Ehrlich-Institute; AlemaniaFil: Taboga, Oscar Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina.Fil: Kues, Wilfried A. Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; AlemaniaFil: Ferraris, S.R. Universidad Maimónides. Laboratorio de Clonación y Transgenesis; ArgentinaFil: Salamone, Daniel Felipe. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Pabellón de Zootecnica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Collagen Fibers In Human Prostatic Lesions: Histochemistry And Anisotropies

The present study focuses on establishing patterns of collagen fibers distribution in prostatic nodular hyperplasia and adenocarcinomas, in comparison with the normal tissue. Sections of prostatic transurethral resection were subjected to Gömöri's method for collagen fibers and reticulin and analyzed under ordinary and polarized light microscopy. Controls and hyperplastic regions present collagen fibers with variable thickness that run in different directions, establishing a tridimensional network. These fibers exhibit birefringence and dichroism thus demonstrating their fibrillar integrity. On the other hand, increased variability in collagen fiber distribution and anisotropical properties occur in adenocarcinomas evaluated in accordance with the Gleason's score. In some of their areas, a well-defined collagen network delimitates the base of transformed epithelial cells whereas in other areas the collagen fibers are disorganized and do not establish a boundary between the epithelial structures and the stroma. In these areas, collagen is found in the stroma. It was also observed that adenocarcinoma tumor cells rest on a scaffold of thin and dendritic collagen fibers. Collagen fibers of the prostatic stroma of the adenocarcinomas may show a modification in arrangement and fibrillar compactness. In prostatic nodular hyperplasia, there is no change in collagen molecular integrity, since collagen affinity for silver and collagen birefringence are similar to controls. In adenocarcinoma with high dedifferentiation degree, thin and branched strongly argyrophilic and birefringent collagen fibers are detected in regions of cell proliferation. In the adjacent stroma, hyaline plaques are indicative of matrix degradation or remodellation.3511116Bosman, F.T., Bruine, A., Flohil, C., Epithelial-stromal interaction in colon cancer (1993) Int. J. Dev. Biol., 37, pp. 203-211Carvalho, H.F., Line, S.P., Basement membrane associated changes in the rat ventral prostate following castration (1996) Cell Biol. Int., 20, pp. 809-819Carvalho, H.F., Taboga, S.R., Vilamaior, P.S.L., Collagen type VI is a component of the extracellular matrix microfibril network of the prostatic stroma (1997) Tissue Cell, 29, pp. 163-170Carvalho, H.F., Vilamaior, P.S.L., Taboga, S.R., Elastic system of the rat ventral prostate and its modifications following orchiectomy (1997) Prostate, 32, pp. 27-34Cunha, G.R., Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions during androgen-induced development of the prostate (1985) Developmental Mechanisms: Normal and Abnormal, , Cunha G.R. ed., AR Liss, New YorkCunha, G.R., Fuji, H., Neubaues, B.L., Shannon, J.M., Sawyr, L.M., Rese, B.A., Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in prostatic development. I. Morphological observation of prostatic induction by urogenital sinus mesenchyme in epithelium of the adult rodent urinary bladder (1983) J Cell Biol., 96, pp. 1662-1670Gleason, D.F., Histologic grading and clinical staging of prostatic carcinoma (1977) Urologic Pathology: The Prostate, , Gleason D.F. ed., Lea & Febiger, PhiladelphiaGömöri, G., Silver impregnation of reticulum in paraffin sections (1937) Am. J. Pathol., 13, pp. 993-1002Hayward, S.W., Rosen, M.A., Cunha, G.R., Stromal-epithelial interactions in the normal and neoplastic prostate (1997) Br. J. Urol., 79, pp. 18-26Iozzo, R.V., Tumor stroma as a regulator of neoplastic behavior - Editorial (1995) Lab. Invest., 73, pp. 157-160Iozzo, R.V., Cohen, I., Altered proteoglycan gene expression and tumor stroma (1993) Experientia, 49, pp. 447-455Jünler, M., Bruskewitz, R.C., Prostatic histology in secondary transurethral resection of the prostate (1995) J. Urol., 154, pp. 119-122Martinez-Hernandez, A., Amenta, P.S., The extracellular matrix in hepatic regeneration (1995) FASEB J., 9, pp. 1401-1409Mello, M.L.S., Vidal, B.C., Evaluation of dichroism and anomalous dispersion of the birefringence on collagen subjected to metal impregnations (1972) Ann. Histochim., 17, pp. 333-340Nagata, T., Kubota, Y., Connective tissue in the prostate gland (1994) Int. Urol. Nephrol., 26 (2), pp. 183-187Nagle, R.B., Knox, J.D., Wolf, C., Bowden, G.T., Cress, A.E., Adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix, and proteases in prostate carcinoma (1994) J. Cell Biochem. Suppl., 19, pp. 232-237Nagle, R.B., Hao, J., Knox, J.D., Dalkin, B.L., Clark, V., Cress, A.E., Expression of hemidesmosomal and extracellular matrix proteins by normal and malignant human prostate tissue (1995) Am. J. Pathol., 146 (6), pp. 1498-1507Nakanishi, H., Oguri, K., Takenka, K., Hosoda, S., Okayama, M., Differential fibrotic stromal responses of host tissue to low- and high-metastatic cloned Lewis lung carcinoma cells (1994) Lab. Invest., 70, pp. 324-332Nemeth, J.A., Lee, C., Prostatic ductal system in rats: Regional variation in organization (1996) Prostate, 28, pp. 124-128Partin, A.W., Coffey, D.S., Benign and malignant prostatic neoplasms: Human studies (1994) Rec. Progr. Horm. Res., 49, pp. 293-331Ricciardelli, C., Mayne, K., Sykes, P., Raymond, W.A., McCaul, K., Marshall, V.R., Tilley, W.D., Horsfall, D.J., Elevated stromal chondroitin sulfateglycosaminoglycan predicts progression in early-stage prostate cancer (1997) Clin. Cancer Res., 3, pp. 983-992Ronnov-Jessen, L., Peterson, O., Bissell, M., Cellular changes involved in conversion of normal to malignant breast: Importance of stromal reaction (1996) Physiol. Ver., 76, pp. 69-125Rosai, J., Male reproductive system (1996) Ackerman's Surgical Pathology, 1. , Rosai J. ed., Mosby-Year Inc., St. Louis-USA, 8th edVartanian, R., Weidner, N., Endothelial cell proliferation in prostatic carcinoma and prostatic hyperplasia: Correlation with Gleason's score, microvessel density, and epithelial cell proliferation (1995) Lab. Invest., 73, pp. 884-1850Vidal, B.C., Histochemical and anisotropical properties characteristic of silver impregnation: The differentiation of reticulin fibers from the other interstitial collagens (1988) Zool. J. Anat., 117, pp. 485-494Vidal, B.C., Cell and extracellular matrix interaction: A feedback theory based on molecular order, recognition-adhesion events (1993) Rev. Fac. C. M. Unicamp., 4, pp. 11-14Vidal, B.C., Mello, M.L.S., Godo, G., Caseiro-Filho, A.C., Abujadi, J.M., Anisotropic properties of silver plus gold impregnated collagen bundles (1974) Ann. Histochim., 20, pp. 15-2

Anatomy Of Smooth Muscle Cells In Nonmalignant And Malignant Human Prostate Tissue

Differently graded areas of human prostate adenocarcinoma were examined after Masson's trichrome staining or immunohistochemistry for smooth muscle alpha-actin, type IV collagen and laminin. In addition, the ultrastructure of the prostatic smooth muscle cells (SMC) during glandular proliferation and epithelial invasion in selected tumors was studied. The SMC formed a thick layer below the epithelial structures in unaffected areas and were closely associated with each other in homotypic interactions. As the tumor grade increased, the SMC gradually lost interactions with each other and became atrophic. With the growth of the epithelial compartment, the SMC initially segregated to the tumor periphery and the intercellular spaces increased. In high grade tumors, the epithelial cancer cells invaded the spaces between the SMC. Immunohistochemical analysis of the basal membrane revealed increased disruption of the usually thick basal membrane, which became thinner and faintly stained with each of the antibodies used. We conclude that most SMC become atrophic following epithelial invasion in human tumors and that degradation of the basal membrane is an important factor in this process. At the ultrastructural level, different SMC phenotypes occur in prostatic tissues during epithelial invasion. Interconversion between these phenotypes is suggested and a probable relationship among them is proposed. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.291911151123Antonioli, E., Della-Colleta, H.H., Carvalho, H.F., Smooth muscle cell behavior in the ventral prostate of castrated rats (2004) J Androl, 25, pp. 50-56Antonioli, E., Cardoso, A.B., Carvalho, H.F., Effects of long term castration on the smooth muscle cell phenotype of the rat ventral prostate (2007) J Androl, 28, pp. 777-783Bonkhoff, H., Role of the basal cells in premalignant changes of the human prostate: A stem cell concept for the development of prostate cancer (1996) Eur Urol, 30, pp. 201-205Bonkhoff, H., Analytical molecular pathology of epithelial-stromal interactions in the normal and neoplastic prostate (1998) Anal Quant Cytol Histol, 20, pp. 437-442Brueenger, A., Bartsch, G., Hollinger, B.E., Holly, B., Rohr, H.P., Smooth muscle cell of the canine prostate in spontaneous benign hyperplasia, and steroid-induced hyperplasia in estrogen or tamoxifen-treated dogs (1983) J Urol, 130, pp. 1208-1210Condon, M.S., Bosland, M.C., The role of stromal cells in prostate cancer development and progression (1999) In Vivo, 13, pp. 61-65Cotta-Pereira, G., Rodrigo, F.G., David-Ferreira, J.F., The use of tannic acid-glutaraldehyde in the study of elastic fibers (1976) Stain Technol, 5, pp. 7-11Cunha, G.R., Hayard, S.W., Dahiya, R., Foster, B.A., Smooth muscle-epithelial interactions in normal and neoplastic prostatic development (1996) Acta Anat, 155, pp. 63-72Davies, P., Eaton, C.L., Regulation of prostate growth (1991) J Endocrinol, 131, pp. 5-17Dehan, P., Waltregny, D., Beschin, A., Noel, A., Castranova, V., Tryggvason, K., De Leval, J., Foidart, J.M., Loss of type IV collagen a5 and a6 chains in human invasive prostate carcinomas (1997) Am J Pathol, 151, pp. 1097-1104Epstein, J.I., (1995) Prostate biopsy interpretation, , Philadelphia: Lipincott-Raven 288 pFamsworth, W.E., Prostate stroma: Physiology (1999) Prostate, 38, pp. 60-72Folkman, J., Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other diseases (1995) Nat Med, 1, pp. 27-31Franck, L.I., Stattin, P., Damber, J.E., Bergh, A., Vascular density is a predictor of cancer-specific survival in prostativ carcinoma (1997) Prostate, 33, pp. 38-45Giri, D., Ropiquet, F., Ittmann, M., FGF9 is an autocrine and paracrine prostatic growth factor expressed by prostatic stromal cells (1999) J Cell Physiol, 180, pp. 53-60Gleason, D.F., (1977) Histologic grading and clinical staging of prostatic carcinoma: Urologic pathology: the prostate, pp. 171-197. , Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. pHao, J., Yang, Y., McDaniel, K.M., Dalkin, B.L., Cress, A.E., Nagle, R.B., Differential expression of laminin 5 (a3p3y2) by human malignant and normal prostate (1996) Am J Pathol, 149, pp. 1341-1349Kalluri, R., Zeisberg, M., Fibroblasts in cancer (2006) Nat Rev Cancer, 6, pp. 392-401Leblond, C.P., Inoue, S., Structure, composition, and assembly of basement membrane (1989) Am J Anat, 185, pp. 367-390Nagle, R.B., Hao, J., Know, J.D., Dalkin, B.L., dark, V., Cress, A.E., Expression of hemidesmosomal and extracellular matrix proteins by normal and malignant human prostate tissue (1994) Am J Pathol, 146, pp. 1498-1507Nemeth, J.A., Lee, C., Prostatic ductal system in rats: Regional variation in stroma organization (1996) Prostate, 28, pp. 124-128Nemeth, J.A., Sensibar, J.A., White, R.R., Zeiner, D.J., Kim, I.Y., Lee, C., Prostatic ductal system in rats: Tissue-specific expression and regional variation in stromal distribution of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (1997) Prostate, 33, pp. 64-71Netter, F.H., Reproductive systems (1965) The Ciba collection of medical illustration, pp. 124-128. , New York: CIBA. pOkada, H., Tsubura, A., Okamura, A., Senzaki, H., Naka, Y., Komatz, Y., Morii, S., Keratin profiles in normal/hyperplastic prostates and prostate carcinoma (1992) Virchows Arch A, 421, pp. 157-161Plug, M., Kopf-Maier, P., The basement membrane and its involvement in carcinoma cell invasion (1995) Acta Anat, 152, pp. 69-84Tremblay, G., Stromal aspects of breast carcinoma (1979) Exp Mol Pathol, 31, pp. 248-260Tuxhorn, J.A., Ayala, G.E., Smith, M.J., Smith, V.C., Dang, T.D., Rowley, D.R., Reactive stroma in human prostate cancer: Induction of myofibroblast phenotype and extracellular matrix remodeling (2002) Clin Cancer Res, 8, pp. 2912-2923van den Hooff, A., Stromal involvement in malignant growth (1981) Adv Cancer Res, 50, pp. 159-196Vilamaior, P.S.L., Felibisno, S.L., Taboga, S.R., Carvalho, H.F., Collagen fiber reorganization in the rat ventral prostate following androgen deprivation: A possible role for the smooth muscle cells (2000) Prostate, 45, pp. 253-258Vilamaior, P.S., Taboga, S.R., Carvalho, H.F., Modulation of smooth muscle cell function: Morphological evidence for a contractile to synthetic transition in the rat ventral prostate after castration (2005) Cell Biol Int, 29, pp. 809-81

Microfibrils: Neglected Components Of Pressure-bearing Tendons

Some tendons wrap around joints and receive compressive forces besides transferring the tension forces from muscle to bone. These tendons develop a fibrocartilaginous structure which enables them to withstand pressure. This article describes the existence and distribution of microfibrils (or preelastic fibers) in the pressure-bearing tendons of rabbits and dogs by the application of histochemical assays and transmission electron microscopy. Rabbit and dog tendons possess no mature elastic fibers. The rabbit tendon exhibits some response to Weigert's method prior to oxidation which indicates the existence of the so-called elaunin fibers, especially in the pressure zone. Oxidation with peracetic acid or oxone discloses intricate aspects of the oxytalan fiber distribution in both tension and pressure zones of the dog and rabbit tendons. Bundles of 12 nm microfibrils were demonstrated in the rabbit tendon by electron microscopy after fixation in the presence of tannic acid. The existence of preelastic fibers in the pressure-bearing tendons has been neglected and they are assumed to have importance in the microarchitecture of the tissue and in the ability of the tendon to support tension and compression forces.176215515

Intraepithelial Alterations In The Guinea Pig Lateral Prostate At Different Ages After Estradiol Treatment

The prostate is an accessory gland of the mammal reproductive system with great volume and high functional importance. Many works infer that, in addition to the androgenic ones, the estrogen can be associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer, but no conclusive evidence exists on the role of estrogen in normal prostatic and neoplastic tissue. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of chronic administration of estradiol benzoate on the lateral prostate of guinea pigs in the pre-pubescent, pubescent, post-pubescent and adult phases, with emphasis on the modifications provoked by this hormone on the glandular epithelium. The analyses of the estradiol-treated and control groups were investigated using histological procedures and transmission electron microscopy. The histopathological analysis of the lateral prostate in the treated group revealed areas where epithelial dysplasia was observed, assuming at some places a pattern of epithelial stratification characteristic of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. After ultrastructural analysis, the following were observed: enlargement of the internal membranes, heterogeneity in the cellular types, hypertrophy of the basal cells and apparent decrease of cytoplasmic organelles in some cells of the prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Still, a loss of cellular polarity was observed, along with nuclei of various forms, sizes and heights - as well as irregular chromatin distribution patterns. Such alterations were found mainly in pubescent, post-pubescent and adult animals subject to the chronic administration of estradiol. These findings reinforce the already existent data in understanding the role of estrogen in the etiology of prostatic diseases.362141148Bosland, M.C., The role of steroid hormones in prostate carcinogenesis (2000) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr., 27, pp. 39-66Bosland, M.C., Ford, H., Horton, L., Induction at high incidence of ductal prostate adenocarcinomas in NBL/Cr and Sprague-Dawley Hsd: SD rats treated with a combination of testosterone and estradiol-17B or diethylstilbestrol (1995) Carcinogenesis, 16, pp. 1311-1317Burfeind, P., Chernicky, C.L., Rinisland, F., Ilan, J., Ilan, J., Antisense RNA to the type I Insulin-like growth factor receptor supresses tumor growth and prevents invasion by rat prostate cancer cells in vivo (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, pp. 7263-7268Carvalho, H.F., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., (2001) A Célula 2001. 1st. Ed., 287p. , Edit. Manole, São Paulo, BrasilChan, J.M., Stampfer, M.J., Giovanucci, E., Gann, P.H., Ma, J., Wilkinson, P., Hennekens, C.H., Pollak, M., Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: A prospective study (1998) Science, 279, pp. 563-566Corrales, J.J., Kadohama, N., Chai, L.S., Hoisaeter, P.A., Hampton, M.T., Murphy, G.P., Sandberg, A.A., Fluid imbibition as a factor in estrogen-induced increase of prostate weight in castrated rats (1981) Prostate, 2, pp. 337-358Cotta-Pereira, G., Rodrigo, F.G., David-Ferreira, J.F., The use of tannic acid-glutaraldehyde in the study of elastic related fibers (1976) Stain. Technol., 51, pp. 7-11De Carvalho, H.F., Lino Neto, J., Taboga, S.R., Microfibrils: Neglected components of pressure-bearing tendons (1994) Ann. Anat., 176, pp. 155-159De Marzo, A.M., Nelson, W.G., Meeker, A.K., Coffey, D.S., Stem cell features of benign and malignant prostate epithelial cells (1998) J. Urol., 160, pp. 2381-2392Di Giovanni, J., Kiguchi, K., Frijhoff, A., Wilker, E., Bol, D.K., Beltran, L., Moats, S., Conti, C., Deregulated expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 in prostate epithelium leads to neoplasia in transgenic mice (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, pp. 3455-3460Droller, M.J., Medical approaches in the management of prostatic disease (1997) Br. J. Urol., 79 (2 SUPPL.), pp. 42-52Echeverria, O., Effects of testosterone on nuclear ribonucleoprotein components of prostate epithelial cells (1991) Biol. Cell., 72, pp. 223-229Glauert, A.M., (1975) Fixation, Dehydration and Embedding of Biological Specimens. Pratical Methods in Electron Microscopy, 3, pp. 1-207. , Glauert A.M. ed., N. Holland Publishing Company, NYHo, S.M., Lee, K.F., Lane, K., Neoplastic transformation of the prostate (1997) Prostate: Basic and Clinical Aspects, pp. 73-113. , Naz R.K. ed., CRC. Press, Boca RatonHorsfall, D.J., Mayne, K., Ricciardelli, C., Rao, M., Skinner, J.M., Henderson, D.W., Marshall, V.R., Tilley, W.D., Age-related prostatic stroma in guinea pig (1994) Lab. Invest., 70, pp. 753-763Huggins, C., Hodges, C.V., Studies on prostatic cancer. I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate (1972) CA. Cancer J. Clin., 22, pp. 232-240Huynh, H., Alpert, L., Alaoui-Jamali, M.A., Ng, C.Y., Chan, T.W.M., Co-administration of finasteride and the pure anti-oestrogen ICI 182,780 act synergistically in modulating the IGF system in rat prostate (2001) J. Endocr., 171, pp. 109-118Lane, K.E., Leav, I., Ziar, J., Bridges, R.S., Rand, W.M., Ho, S.M., Suppression of testosterone and estradiol-17Beta-induced dysplasia in the dorsolateral prostate of Noble rats by bromocriptine (1997) Carcinogenesis, 18, pp. 1505-1510Leav, I., Merk, F.B., Ofner, P., Goodrich, G., Kwan, P.W., Stein, B.M., Sar, M., Stumpf, W.E., Bipotentiality of response to sex hormones by the prostate of castrated or hypophysectomized dogs. Direct effects of estrogen (1978) Am. J. Pathol., 93, pp. 69-92Leav, L., Ho, S.M., Ofner, P., Merk, F.B., Kwan, P.W.L., Damassa, D., Biochemical alterations in sex hormone induced hyperplasia and dysplasia of the dorsolateral prostates of Noble rats (1988) J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 80, pp. 1045-1053Levine, A.C., Kirschenbaum, A., Droller, M., Gabrilove, J.L., Effect of the addition of estrogen to medical castration on prostatic siza, symptoms, histology and serum prostate specific antigen in 4 men with benign prostatic hypertrophy (1991) J. Urol., 146, pp. 790-793McNeal, J.E., Alroy, J., Leav, I., Redwine, E.A., Freiha, F.S., Stamey, T.A., Immunohistochemical evidence for impaired cell differentiation in the premalignant phase of prostate carcinogenesis (1988) Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 90, pp. 23-32Montenegro, M.R., Franco, M., (1995) Patologia: Processos Gerais. 3rd Ed., 263p. , Editora Atheneu. São PauloNeil, J.D., Freeman, M.E., Tillson, S.A., Control of the proestrus surge of prolactin in luteineizing hormone secretion by estrogen in the rat (1971) Endocrinology, 98, pp. 1448-1453Pylkkanen, L., Makela, S., Santti, R., Animal models for the preneoplastic lesions of the prostate (1996) Eur. Urol., 30, pp. 243-248Pylkkanen, L., Makela, S., Valve, E., Harkonen, P., Toikkanen, S., Santti, R., Prostatic dysplasia associated with increased expression of C-MYC in neonatally estrogenized mice (1993) Journ. Urol., 149, pp. 1593-1601Rhodes, L., Ding, V.D., Kemp, R.K., Khan, M.S., Nakhla, A.M., Pikounis, B., Rosner, W., Feeney, W.P., Estradiol causes a dose-dependent stimulation of prostate growth in castred beagle dogs (2000) Prostate, 44, pp. 8-18Santti, R., Newbold, R.R., Makela, S., Pylkkanen, L., McLachlan, J.A., Developmental estrogenization and prostatic neoplasia (1994) Prostate, 24, pp. 67-78Schacht, M.J., Niederberger, C.S., Garnett, J.E., Sensibar, J.A., Lee, C., Grayhack, J.T., A local direct effect of pituitary graft on growth of the lateral prostate in rats (1992) Prostate, 20, pp. 51-58Shibata, M.A., Ward, J.M., Devor, D.E., Liu, M.L., Green, J.E., Progression of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive carcinoma in C3(1)/SV40 large T antigen transgenic mice: Histopathological and molecular biological alterations (1996) Cancer Res., 56, pp. 4894-4903Tam, C.C., Wong, Y.C., Ultrastructural study of the effects of 17β-Oestradiol on the lateral prostate and seminal vesicle of the castred Guinea pig (1991) Acta Anat., 141, pp. 51-62Thompson, A.S., Rowley, D.R., Heidger Jr., P.M., Effects of estrogen upon the fine structure of epithelium and stroma in the rat ventral prostate gland (1979) Invest. Urol., 17, pp. 83-89Weibel, E.R., Principles and methods for the morphometric study of the lung and other organs (1978) Lab. Invest., 12, pp. 131-15

Structure, Histochemistry And Ultrastructure Of The Epithelium And Stroma In The Gerbil (meriones Unguiculatus) Female Prostate

The female prostate has aroused scientific interest because it is subjected to the same diseases compromising the male prostate during aging. The objective of this work was to characterize structurally, cytochemically, and ultrastructurally the tissue compartments of the normal adult female prostate of Memories unguiculatus gerbils. The morphological analyses showed that the gerbil's female prostate is constituted of a cluster of glands and ducts inserted in a musculofibrous stroma. The alveolar epithelium is differentiated and consisted of basal proliferating cells, intermediary cells, and secretory cells. The secretory cells are the most numerous cell type and continuously secrete glycoproteins. The basal cells are the source of the secretory cells and they are then responsible for the alveolus renovation. The prostatic stroma is abundant and rich in elastic and collagen fibers, which are closely associated with smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. The results showed that the gerbil's female prostate shows morphological and ultrastructural homology to the human female prostate (Skene's gland), and despite being a small organ, it is a mature and physiologically active gland. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. 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