The influence of drink temperature on thermoregulatory responses during prolonged exercise in a moderate environment

10.1080/02640410600959947Journal of Sports Sciences259975 - 985JSSC

Response: Cold fluids improve exercise performance in the heat by slowing the rate of heat gain

10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181aa275dMedicine and Science in Sports and Exercise4181683 - 1684MSCS

The influence of serial feeding of drinks at different temperatures on thermoregulatory responses during cycling

10.1080/02640410701697388Journal of Sports Sciences266583 - 590JSSC

Cold drink ingestion improves exercise endurance capacity in the heat

10.1249/MSS.0b013e318178465dMedicine and Science in Sports and Exercise4091637 - 1644MSCS

Effects of milk ingestion on prolonged exercise capacity in young, healthy men

10.1016/j.nut.2008.01.001Nutrition244340 - 347NUTR

Hydration and sweating responses to hot-weather football competition

PubMedID: 21029200During a football match played in warm (34.3 ± 0.6 °C), humid (64 ± 2% rh) conditions, 22 male players had their pre-match hydration status, body mass change, sweat loss and drinking behavior assessed. Pre-match urine specific gravity (1.012 ± 0.006) suggested that all but three players commenced the match euhydrated. Players lost 3.1 ± 0.6 L of sweat and 45 ± 9 mmol of sodium during the 90-min match and replaced 55 ± 19% of their sweat losses and hence by the end of the game were 2.2 ± 0.9% lighter. The water volume consumed during the game was highly variable (1653 ± 487 mL; 741-2387 mL) but there was a stronger relationship between the estimated pre-game hydration status and water volume consumed, than between sweat rate and water volume consumed. In a second match, with the same players 2 weeks later in 34.4 ± 0.6 °C, 65 ± 3% rh, 11 players had a sports drink available to them before and during the match in addition to water. Total drink volume consumed during the match was the same, but approximately half the volume was consumed as sports drink. The results indicate that substantial sweat water and electrolyte losses can occur during match play in hot conditions and a substantial water and sodium deficit can occur in many players even when water or sports drink is freely available. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Living, training and playing in the heat: Challenges to the football player and strategies for coping with environmental extremes

PubMedID: 21029198Dehydration and hyperthermia both, if sufficiently severe, will impair exercise performance. Dehydration can also impair performance of tasks requiring cognition and skill. Body temperature may exceed 40 °C in competitive games played in hot weather, but limited data are available. Football played in the heat, therefore, poses a challenge, and effects on some aspects of performance become apparent as environmental temperature increases above about 12-15 °C. Prior acclimatization will reduce the impact of high environmental temperatures but provides limited protection when humidity is also high. Ingestion of fluids is effective in limiting the detrimental effects on performance: drinks with added carbohydrate and electrolytes are generally more effective than plain water and drinks may be more effective if taken cold than if taken at ambient temperature. Pre-exercise lowering of body temperature may aid some aspects of performance, but the efficacy has not been demonstrated in football. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Perda de eletrólitos durante uma competição de duatlo terrestre no calor

Eventos esportivos prolongados, como o duatlo (6 km corrida, 26 km ciclismo e 4 km corrida) podem levar o atleta a um desequilíbrio hidroeletrolítico, devido a perdas elevadas de suor, em especial se realizados no calor. O presente estudo avaliou as perdas de sódio (Na+), potássio (K+) e cloreto (Cl-) durante uma competição de duatlo realizada no calor (31,2 °C e 51% de umidade relativa do ar), analisando a composição do suor e os níveis sanguíneos destes eletrólitos. Doze atletas fizeram parte deste estudo. Coletas de sangue foram realizadas antes e após a competição, e o suor foi coletado utilizando-se adesivos específicos. O tempo médio para completar a competição foi de 85,0 ± 6,57 min. O percentual de desidratação foi 3,0 ± 0,92%. A reposição de líquidos perdidos durante a competição foi 31 ± 18,7%. A taxa de sudorese foi 1,86 ± 0,56 L•h-1. A concentração de Na+, K+ e Cl- no suor foi 71 ± 26,05 mmol•L-1, 5,43 ± 1,98 mmol•L-1 e 58,93 ± 25,99 mmol•L¹, respectivamente. A perda total de Na+, K+ e Cl- no suor foi 132,11 ± 62,82 mmol, 10,09 ± 5,01 mmol e 109,75 ± 58,49 mmol, respectivamente. Em conclusão, os atletas não ingeriram líquido suficiente para repor o volume de fluidos perdido. Além disto, os participantes apresentaram elevada taxa de sudorese acompanhada de perdas de Na+, K+ e Cl-. Apesar disso, não ocorreram alterações nas concentrações de eletrólitos séricos.Prolonged sports events such as duathlon (6 km running, 26 km cycling and 4 km running), may lead the athlete to a fluid and electrolyte imbalance, due to high sweat rates, especially in a hot environment. The present study evaluated sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-) losses during a duathlon competition performed in the heat (31,2 ºC and 51% relative humidity), analyzing the sweat composition and blood levels of these electrolytes. Twelve athletes took part in this study. Blood samples were obtained pre- and post-exercise and sweat was collected using sweat patches. The average time to complete the competition was 85.0 ± 6.57 min. The percentage of dehydration was 3.0 ± 0.92%. The replacement of fluid losses was 31 ± 18.7%. The sweat rate was 1.86 ± 0.56 L•h-1. Sweat Na+, K+, and Cl-concentrations were 71 ± 26.05 mmol•L-1, 5.43 ±1.98 mmol•L-1 and 58.93 ± 25.99 mmol•L-1, respectively. The total sweat loss of Na+, K+ and Cl- was 132.11± 62.82 mmol, 10.09 ± 5.01 mmol and 109.75 ± 58.49 mmol, respectively. In conclusion, the athletes did not drink enough liquid to replace their volume of fluid loss. Furthermore, the participants presented high sweat rate accompanied by losses of Na+, K+ and Cl-. However, serum electrolyte concentrations were not changed