Detection Of An Untyped Strain Of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus In A Dairy Herd

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) causes important lower respiratory tract illness in calves. According to F and G proteins genetic sequences, three BRSV subgroups have been reported and characterized in several countries, showing differences in its distribution. In Brazil, the virus is widely disseminated throughout the herds and the few characterized isolates revealed the solely occurrence of the subgroup B. This study describes the detection and characterization of an untyped BRSV strain from a twenty-days-old calf from a herd without clinical respiratory disease. Nasal swabs were analyzed by RT-nested PCR for the F and G proteins genes. One sample has amplified the F protein gene. Sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic reconstruction were accomplished, revealing that the strain could not be grouped with any other BRSV subgroups reported. This result may suggest that the BRSV is in constantly evolution, even in Brazil, where the vaccination is not a common practice. 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Integridade estrutural de compósitos laminados em fibra de carbono sujeitos a diferentes taxas de desgaste e absorção de água : protótipo de máquina de testes

Trabalho final de mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia MecânicaDesde sempre no panorama do ciclismo de alta competição se fizeram todos os esforços para melhorar os resultados dos atletas. Grande parte destes trabalhos está no desenvolvimento das bicicletas e seus componentes. A empresa Morphis Composites que está em fase de desenvolvimento de carretos de desviador em fibra de carbono. Estando estes componentes em material compósito laminado expostos à atmosfera, poderá estar em causa a sua integridade estrutural pois sabe-se que irão absorver água por difusão e se vão desgastar de forma diferente de carretos de outros materiais. Tudo isto poderá levar ao aumento do seu atrito na transmissão, sendo que é necessária a criação de meios para a avaliação desta temática. No presente trabalho faz-se o projecto e construção de um protótipo para medição de atrito em transmissões de bicicleta. Inclui-se uma breve pesquisa bibliográfica sobre correntes de rolos industriais e de ciclismo, o seu funcionamento e mecanismos de atrito. Além disto fez-se também uma breve pesquisa sobre os efeitos da absorção de água na fibra de carbono. Para o dimensionamento do sistema de medição procuraram-se resultados de trabalhos similares de forma a aferir as grandezas a medir e a sensibilidade necessária. O protótipo deve medir a potência conduzida à transmissão para esta rodar em vazio a uma velocidade constante que foi fixada neste caso em 60 rpm, sendo que quanto mais baixa a potencia medida menor o atrito da transmissão. O sensor usado é uma roseta colada a +45 e -45 graus no veio que fornece movimento ao sistema. O sinal é retirado do veio em rotação através de um sistema de anéis deslizantes em bronze onde se usaram escovas de grafite e de filamentos de cobre. Após a construção do protótipo fez-se a calibração estática dos sistemas de medição com bons resultados de sensibilidade e repetibilidade. Estes resultados empíricos também foram comparados com os resultados teóricos não tendo havido discrepâncias relevantes, provando a qualidade das medições de binário obtidas pelos extensómetros. No entanto, devido ao ruído introduzido no sinal pelas escovas em movimento, não foi possível obter resultados de qualidade nos ensaios dinâmicos para a potência e atrito na transmissão em rotação com o presente protótipo. No final apresentam-se sugestões para melhoria em trabalhos futuros.Ever since the beginning of high competition in cycling, that every erffort has been made to improve the results of the athletes. Much of this work is in the development of bicycles and their components. The company Morphis Composites is in the development stage of carbon fiber rear derailleur sprockets. These components made of laminated composite material are exposed to the atmosphere, thus their structural integrity may be affected because it is known that they will absorb water by diffusion and will wear differently from sprockets made of other materials, such as metals. All this can lead to the increase of its friction in the transmission, and it is necessary to create means for the evaluation of this situation. In the present work, the design and construction of a prototype for measuring friction in bicycle transmissions is done. A brief literature review on industrial roller and cycling chains, their operation and friction mechanisms is included. In addition, a brief research was also made on the effects of water absorption on carbon fiber. For the sizing of the measurement system, results of similar work were sought in order to understand the quantities to be measured and the required sensitivity. The prototype shall measure the power delivered to the transmission to idle at a constant speed which has been set at 60 rpm in this case, the lower the measured power the lower the transmission friction. The sensor used is a rosette glued to +45 and -45 degrees in a section of the main shaft before the main sprocket. The signal is drawn from the rotating shaft through a bronze slip ring system where graphite brushes and copper filaments were used. Upon prototype building the static calibration of the measurement systems was made with good results of sensitivity and repeatability. These empirical results were also compared with what would theoretically be expected and there were no relevant discrepancies, proving the quality of the torque measurements obtained by the extensometers. However, due to the noise introduced into the signal by the moving brushes, it was not possible to obtain quality results in the dynamic tests for power and friction in the rotational transmission with the present prototype. At the end, suggestions are presented for improvement in future work.N/

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Prevalência de rotavírus do grupo A em fezes diarréicas de bezerros de corte em sistema semi-intensivo de produção Prevalence of group A rotavirus in diarrheic feaces of beef calves in semi-intensive production system

Determinou-se a prevalência de rotavírus durante surto de diarréia em bezerros de um rebanho de corte, criado em regime semi-intensivo de produção. Analisaram-se, por meio de técnicas de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (EGPA) e ensaio imunoenzimático (kit EIARA - Fiocruz), 69 amostras de fezes de bezerros, entre 30 e 60 dias de idade, colhidas em três estações de parição consecutivas (agosto a novembro/1999, janeiro a abril e agosto a novembro/2000). Pelo EIARA foram detectadas 63,8% (44/69) de amostras positivas. Na primeira estação de parição foi detectado rotavírus em 82,4% (14/17) dos bezerros que apresentaram quadro clínico de diarréia. No ano de 2000 a presença de rotavírus foi detectada em 41,7% (5/12) e 62,5% (25/40) do total de amostras examinadas. A análise do perfil eletroforético do genoma indicou grande diversidade, com quatro eletroferótipos distintos, todos com perfil longo, característico de rotavírus do grupo A.<br>During three successive seasons of calving (August to November 1999, January to April and August to November 2000) 69 fecal samples were collected from calves between 30 and 60 days of age presenting diarrhea, to account for the detection and prevalence of rotavirus. Samples were submited to an immunoenzymatic assay for rotavirus and adenovirus (kit EIARA-Fiocruz) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Of the 69 samples tested, 63.8% (44/69) were positive by EIARA. At the first calving season rotavirus was detected in feces from 14 of 17 calves (82.4%) with clinical signals of diarrhea. For the year 2000 seasons, rotavirus was detected in 5 of 12 (41.7%) and 25 of 40 (62.5%) of samples, respectively. The analysis of the eletrophoretic pattern of the positive samples showed four distinct group A rotavirus genome eletropherotypes