9,140 research outputs found
Sleep patterns of Japanese preschool children and their parents: implications for co-sleeping
Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the direct relationship of sleep schedule and sleep quality variables between healthy preschool children and their parents, focusing on the influence of the difference in bedtime between each other. Methods Forty-seven Japanese 5-year-old children and their primary parent were studied. The parents completed questionnaires including the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The children wore an actigraph for one week. Results Although sleep patterns of children were generally independent of their parents, late sleep end time and bedtime of children were associated with parents' late sleep end time on weekends. For 87% of children and parents who shared a bedroom, sleep quality was negatively affected by a shorter difference in bedtimes between child and parent, but not by co-sleeping. Conclusion Sleep behaviours of parents can influence those of their children. For parents and children who share a bedroom, the timing of bedtime rather than co-sleeping may be a key factor in modulating sleep patterns. Trying to get children asleep and subsequently falling asleep at a similar time may disturb parents' sleep quality, which may subsequently affect that of their children
Non-ergodic transitions in many-body Langevin systems: a method of dynamical system reduction
We study a non-ergodic transition in a many-body Langevin system. We first
derive an equation for the two-point time correlation function of density
fluctuations, ignoring the contributions of the third- and fourth-order
cumulants. For this equation, with the average density fixed, we find that
there is a critical temperature at which the qualitative nature of the
trajectories around the trivial solution changes. Using a method of dynamical
system reduction around the critical temperature, we simplify the equation for
the time correlation function into a two-dimensional ordinary differential
equation. Analyzing this differential equation, we demonstrate that a
non-ergodic transition occurs at some temperature slightly higher than the
critical temperature.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure; ver.3: Calculation errors have been fixe
Star Formation at the Twilight of the Dark Ages: Which Stars Reionized the Universe?
We calculate the global star formation rate density (SFRD) from z ~ 30-3
using a semi-analytic model incorporating the hierarchical assembly of dark
matter halos, gas cooling via atomic hydrogen, star formation, supernova
feedback, and suppression of gas collapse in small halos due to the presence of
a photoionizing background. We compare the results with the predictions of
simpler models based on the rate of dark matter halo growth and a fixed ratio
of stellar-to-dark mass, and with observational constraints on the SFRD at 3 <
z < 6. We also estimate the star formation rate due to very massive, metal-free
Pop III stars using a simple model based on the halo formation rate, calibrated
against detailed hydrodynamic simulations of Pop III star formation. We find
that the total production rate of hydrogen-ionizing photons during the probable
epoch of reionization (15 < z < 20) is approximately equally divided between
Pop II and Pop III stars, and that if reionization is late (less than about 15,
close to the lower limit of the range allowed by the WMAP results), then Pop II
stars alone may be able to reionize the Universe.Comment: submitted to ApJ
Lyman Break Galaxies at : Rest-Frame UV Spectra
We report initial results for spectroscopic observations of candidates of
Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) at in a region centered on the Hubble Deep
Field-North by using the Faint Object Camera and Spectrograph attached to the
Subaru Telescope. Eight objects with mag, including one AGN, are
confirmed to be at . The rest-frame UV spectra of seven LBGs
commonly show no or weak Lyalpha emission line (rest-frame equivalent width of
0-10\AA) and relatively strong low-ionization interstellar metal absorption
lines of SiII 1260, OI+SiII 1303, and CII 1334 (mean
rest-frame equivalent widths of them are \AA). These
properties are significantly different from those of the mean rest-frame UV
spectrum of LBGs at , but are quite similar to those of subgroups of
LBGs at with no or weak Lyalpha emission. The weakness of Lyalpha
emission and strong low-ionization interstellar metal absorption lines may
indicate that these LBGs at are chemically evolved to some degree and
have a dusty environment. Since the fraction of such LBGs at in our
sample is larger than that at , we may witness some sign of evolution
of LBGs from to , though the present sample size is very
small. It is also possible, however, that the brighter LBGs tend to show no or
weak Lyalpha emission, because our spectroscopic sample is bright (brighter
than ) among LBGs at . More observations are required to
establish spectroscopic nature of LBGs at .Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures, accepted by Ap
The Mean Ultraviolet Spectrum of a Representative Sample of Faint z~3 Lyman Alpha Emitters
We discuss the rest-frame ultraviolet emission line spectra of a large (~100)
sample of low luminosity redshift z~3.1 Lyman alpha emitters (LAEs) drawn from
a Subaru imaging survey in the SSA22 survey field. Our earlier work based on
smaller samples indicated that such sources have high [OIII]/[OII] line ratios
possibly arising from a hard ionising spectrum that may be typical of similar
sources in the reionisation era. With optical spectra secured from VLT/VIMOS,
we re-examine the nature of the ionising radiation in a larger sample using the
strength of the high ionisation diagnostic emission lines of CIII]1909,
CIV1549, HeII1640, and OIII]1661,1666 in various stacked subsets. Our analysis
confirms earlier suggestions of a correlation between the strength of Ly-alpha
and CIII] emission and we find similar trends with broad band UV luminosity and
rest-frame UV colour. Using various diagnostic line ratios and our stellar
photoionisation models, we determine both the gas phase metallicity and
hardness of the ionisation spectrum characterised by xi_ion - the number of
Lyman continuum photons per UV luminosity. We confirm our earlier suggestion
that xi_ion is significantly larger for LAEs than for continuum-selected Lyman
break galaxies, particularly for those LAEs with the faintest UV luminosities.
We briefly discuss the implications for cosmic reionisation if the metal-poor
intensely star-forming systems studied here are representative examples of
those at much higher redshift.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA
Orientations and detachments of graphs with prescribed degrees and connectivity
We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a graph to have an orientation that has k edge-disjoint arborescences rooted at a designated vertex s subject to lower and upper bounds on the in-degree at each vertex. The result is used to derive a characterization of graphs having a detachment that contains k edge-disjoint spanning trees. Efficient algorithms for finding those orientations and detachments are also described. In particular, the paper provides an algorithm for finding a connected (loopless) detachment in O(nm) time, improving on the previous best running time bound, where n and m denote the numbers of vertices and edges, respectively. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Effect of Spin-Dependent Short-Range Correlations on Nuclear Matrix Elements for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay of Ca
The neutrinoless double beta decay is a pivotal weak nuclear process that
holds the potential to unveil the Majorana nature of neutrinos and predict
their absolute masses. In this study, we delve into examining the impact of
spin-dependent short-range correlations (SRC) on the nuclear matrix elements
(NMEs) for the light neutrino-exchange mechanism in neutrinoless double beta
() decay of Ca, employing an extensive interacting
nuclear shell model. All computations are performed employing the effective
shell model Hamiltonian GXPF1A, encompassing the entire model space
through the closure approximation. Our investigation examines the NMEs'
dependencies on factors such as the number of intermediate states, coupled
spin-parity attributes of neutrons and protons, neutrino momentum,
inter-nucleon separation, and closure energy. This scrutiny is performed with
respect to both the conventional Jastrow-type approach of SRC, employing
various parameterizations, and the spin-dependent SRC paradigm. Our findings
illuminate a discernible distinction in NMEs induced by spin-dependent SRC,
differing by approximately 10-20\% from those computed through the conventional
Jastrow-type SRC, incorporating distinct parameterizations.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, submitted in the journal Universe, MDP
Nonadiabatic generation of coherent phonons
The time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) is the leading
computationally feasible theory to treat excitations by strong electromagnetic
fields. Here the theory is applied to coherent optical phonon generation
produced by intense laser pulses. We examine the process in the crystalline
semimetal antimony (Sb), where nonadiabatic coupling is very important. This
material is of particular interest because it exhibits strong phonon coupling
and optical phonons of different symmetries can be observed. The TDDFT is able
to account for a number of qualitative features of the observed coherent
phonons, despite its unsatisfactory performance on reproducing the observed
dielectric functions of Sb. A simple dielectric model for nonadiabatic coherent
phonon generation is also examined and compared with the TDDFT calculations.Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures. This is prepared for a special issue of Journal
of Chemical Physics on the topic of nonadiabatic processe
Ferroan relict minerals in the Tottuki and South Pole micrometeorites.
第2回極域科学シンポジウム/第34回南極隕石シンポジウム 11月17日(木) 国立国語研究所 2階講
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