Laboratory-based ergometry for swimmers: a narrative review

INTRODUCTION: First widely available dry-land training machines for swimmers were introduced about 40 years ago. They were designed so that swimmers could perform resistance exercise whilst more-closely replicating the movements of swimming, than when using other gymnasium-based resistance training machines. This narrative review categorises and summarises what has been shown by the studies that have utilised laboratory-based ergometry for swimmers. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect and Scopus (1970-2018) and relevant publications were included. Publications were grouped into 4 main areas of research: (i) physiological responses to exercise, (ii) functional evaluation of swimmers, (iii) monitoring of training, and (iv) muscular work output of swimmers. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Significant differences were showed between swim bench exercise and real swimming, especially in regard to the muscles involved. The difficulties of accurate reproduction of the movements and coordinated dynamic actions of swimming have not been overcome. Nevertheless, the literature shows that the use of these devices has provided a valuablecontribution to swimming physiology, while overcoming difficulties presented by attempting to make physiological measurements in the water. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of its limitations, laboratory-based ergometry has allowed a valuable contribution to the understanding of the physiology, effects of training and efficiency of swimming

pytroll/satpy: Version 0.11.0

Issues Closed Issue 555 - GOES-16 geolocation seems off when saving as TIFF Issue 552 - GOES Composites failling (PR 553) Issue 534 - Support GOES-15 in netcdf format from Eumetcast (nc_goes reader) (PR 530) Issue 527 - [SEP] Reader naming conventions (PR 546) Issue 518 - Make bilinear interpolation dask/xarray friendly (PR 519) Issue 467 - Flake8-ify all of satpy (PR 515) Issue 459 - How to colorize images Issue 449 - Adding coastlines to single channel not working (PR 551) Issue 337 - Plot true color by using VIIRS SDR Issue 333 - available_readers to detail unavailable items Issue 263 - How to get the available dataset names from the reader Issue 147 - SEVIRI HRIT reading: More userfriendly warning when no EPI/PRO files are present (PR 452) In this release 12 issues were closed. Pull Requests Merged Bugs fixed PR 556 - Fix turning off enhancements in writers for float data PR 553 - Fix DifferenceCompositor and other compositors when areas are incompatible (552, 552) PR 550 - Fix AHI HRIT file patterns so area's ID is correct PR 548 - Fix ratio sharpening compositors when the ratio is negative PR 547 - Fix EWA resampling for new versions of pyresample PR 542 - Fix palette application for pps 2018 products PR 508 - Fix the cf_writer to accept single-valued time coordinate variable Features added PR 558 - Make counts available in ahi_hsd PR 551 - Fix image overlays for single band data (requires trollimage 1.6+) (449) PR 549 - Fix nwcpps ct palette from v2018 to be backwards compatible PR 546 - Rename readers to meet new reader naming scheme (527) PR 545 - Add configurable parameters to solar zenith correctors PR 530 - Add reader for Goes15 netcdf Eumetsat format (534) PR 519 - Add xarray/dask bilinear resampling (518) PR 507 - Change default enhancement for reflectance data to gamma 1.5 PR 452 - Improve handling of missing file requirements in readers (147) Documentation changes PR 533 - Fix copy/paste error in readers table for viirs_l1b PR 515 - Fix all flake8 errors in satpy package code (467) Backwards incompatible changes PR 546 - Rename readers to meet new reader naming scheme (527) PR 507 - Change default enhancement for reflectance data to gamma 1.5 In this release 20 pull requests were closed.Issues Closed Issue 555 - GOES-16 geolocation seems off when saving as TIFF Issue 552 - GOES Composites failling (PR 553) Issue 534 - Support GOES-15 in netcdf format from Eumetcast (nc_goes reader) (PR 530) Issue 527 - [SEP] Reader naming conventions (PR 546) Issue 518 - Make bilinear interpolation dask/xarray friendly (PR 519) Issue 467 - Flake8-ify all of satpy (PR 515) Issue 459 - How to colorize images Issue 449 - Adding coastlines to single channel not working (PR 551) Issue 337 - Plot true color by using VIIRS SDR Issue 333 - available_readers to detail unavailable items Issue 263 - How to get the available dataset names from the reader Issue 147 - SEVIRI HRIT reading: More userfriendly warning when no EPI/PRO files are present (PR 452) In this release 12 issues were closed. Pull Requests Merged Bugs fixed PR 556 - Fix turning off enhancements in writers for float data PR 553 - Fix DifferenceCompositor and other compositors when areas are incompatible (552, 552) PR 550 - Fix AHI HRIT file patterns so area's ID is correct PR 548 - Fix ratio sharpening compositors when the ratio is negative PR 547 - Fix EWA resampling for new versions of pyresample PR 542 - Fix palette application for pps 2018 products PR 508 - Fix the cf_writer to accept single-valued time coordinate variable Features added PR 558 - Make counts available in ahi_hsd PR 551 - Fix image overlays for single band data (requires trollimage 1.6+) (449) PR 549 - Fix nwcpps ct palette from v2018 to be backwards compatible PR 546 - Rename readers to meet new reader naming scheme (527) PR 545 - Add configurable parameters to solar zenith correctors PR 530 - Add reader for Goes15 netcdf Eumetsat format (534) PR 519 - Add xarray/dask bilinear resampling (518) PR 507 - Change default enhancement for reflectance data to gamma 1.5 PR 452 - Improve handling of missing file requirements in readers (147) Documentation changes PR 533 - Fix copy/paste error in readers table for viirs_l1b PR 515 - Fix all flake8 errors in satpy package code (467) Backwards incompatible changes PR 546 - Rename readers to meet new reader naming scheme (527) PR 507 - Change default enhancement for reflectance data to gamma 1.5 In this release 20 pull requests were closed.0.11.

Representative ¹H NOESYGPPR 1D spectra with assignments of the main metabolites.

<p>The spectra in red (and black) consist of 5 spectra (superimposing) from two of the subjects. The reproducibility was evaluated by PCA and the score plot shows the spectra from all 6 subjects, clearly depicting larger inter subject variance compared to intra subject variance. NACl and NAC2 refer to composite acetyl signals from <b>α</b>1-acid glycoprotein. PCA: Principal Component Analysis.</p

Data from questionnaires.

<p>Food intake: 1 = 0–3 times a month, 2 = 1–3 times a week, 3 = 4–6 times a week, 4 = Once a day, 5 = 2 times or more each day. VO_2max: Maximal oxygen uptake, CI: Confidence interval. P-values below 0.05 are flagged. **p<0.01, *p<0.05.</p

A statistical overview of the participants in this study.

<p>VO_2max: Maximal oxygen uptake, CI: Confidence Interval, BMI: Body Mass Index, HDL: High Density Lipoprotein. P-values below 0.05 are flagged. **p<0.005, *p<0.05.</p

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the serum 1H MR spectra.

<p>(A) In the score plot, high VO_2max subjects are shown in green (higher density in upper left part) and low VO_2max subjects are shown in red. (B) The loadings plot visualizes the differences in metabolites between the two groups. The signals originating from within the core of the serum lipoprotein particles (-CH₃ at 0.86 ppm, -CH₂- at 1.3 ppm) and choline-containing compounds (-N (CH₃)₃⁺, at 3.24 ppm) are mainly responsible for the clustering. VO_2max: Maximal oxygen uptake.</p