Translation of Pak, S. M. 1970. Shtamm \u3ci\u3eToxoplasma gondii\u3c/i\u3e (\u3ci\u3eSHP\u3c/i\u3e). Vydelennyi ot rechnykh krachek [= A strain of \u3ci\u3eToxoplasma gondii\u3c/i\u3e (\u3ci\u3eSHP\u3c/i\u3e) isolated from the common tern]. \u3ci\u3eVoprosy Prirodnoi Ochagovosti Boleznei\u3c/i\u3e [= \u3ci\u3eContributions on the Natural Nidality of Diseases\u3c/i\u3e, Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, USSR 3: 49

Translation number 29, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States (1 page) Translation of Pak, S. M. 1970. Shtamm Toxoplasma gondii (SHP). Vydelennyi ot rechnykh krachek [= A strain of Toxoplasma gondii (SHP) isolated from the common tern]. Voprosy Prirodnoi Ochagovosti Boleznei [= Contributions on the Natural Nidality of Diseases, Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, USSR 3: 49 Translated from Russian to English by Frederick A. Plous, Jr., and edited by Norman D. Levin

Translation of Pak, S. M. 1970. Trikhomonady dikikh vodoplavayushahikh ptits [= Trichomonads of wild waterfowl]. \u3ci\u3eVoprosy Prirodnoi Ochagovosti Boleznei\u3c/i\u3e [= \u3ci\u3eContributions on the Natural Nidality of Diseases\u3c/i\u3e. Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, USSR 3: 62-70

Translation number 31, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States (23 pages) Translation of Pak, S. M. 1970. Trikhomonady dikikh vodoplavayushahikh ptits [= Trichomonads of wild waterfowl]. Voprosy Prirodnoi Ochagovosti Boleznei [= Contributions on the Natural Nidality of Diseases. Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, USSR 3: 62-70 Translated from Russian to English by Frederick K. Plous, Jr., and edited by Norman D. Levin

Translation of Konovalova, S. I. and A. M. Krivkova. 1971. Materialy k biologicheskoi kharakteristike avirulentnykh shtammov toksoplazm, vydelennykh ot dikikh zhivotnykh [= Materials toward a biological characterization of avirulent strains of \u3ci\u3eToxoplasma\u3c/i\u3e isolated from wild animals]. \u3ci\u3eVoprosy Prirodnoi Ochagovosti Boleznei\u3c/i\u3e [= \u3ci\u3eContributions on the Natural Nidality of Diseases\u3c/i\u3e]. Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, USSR 4: 54-64

Translation number 34, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States, January 9, 1973 (6 pages) Translation of Konovalova, S. I. and A. M. Krivkova. 1971. Materialy k biologicheskoi kharakteristike avirulentnykh shtammov toksoplazm, vydelennykh ot dikikh zhivotnykh [= Materials toward a biological characterization of avirulent strains of Toxoplasma isolated from wild animals]. Voprosy Prirodnoi Ochagovosti Boleznei [= Contributions on the Natural Nidality of Diseases]. Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, USSR 4: 54-64 Translated from Russian to English by Frederick K. Plous, Jr. Edited by Norman D. Levine (notated jm

Social Effects in Science: Modelling Agents for a Better Scientific Practice

Science is a fundamental human activity and we trust its results because it has several error-correcting mechanisms. Its is subject to experimental tests that are replicated by independent parts. Given the huge amount of information available, scientists have to rely on the reports of others. This makes it possible for social effects to influence the scientific community. Here, an Opinion Dynamics agent model is proposed to describe this situation. The influence of Nature through experiments is described as an external field that acts on the experimental agents. We will see that the retirement of old scientists can be fundamental in the acceptance of a new theory. We will also investigate the interplay between social influence and observations. This will allow us to gain insight in the problem of when social effects can have negligible effects in the conclusions of a scientific community and when we should worry about them.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figure

Negative Impressions of Childbirth in a North-West England Student Population

Background: Socio-cultural childbirth representations can influence perceptions of childbirth negatively. In this paper we report on a survey study to explore factors associated with negative impressions of childbirth in a North-West England University student sample. We also explored whether different sources and perceptions of childbirth information were linked to fear of childbirth. Methods: All students received a survey link via an online messaging board and/or direct email. Female students who were 18-40 years of age and childless (but planned to have children in the future) were invited to participate. Demographics, birth preferences, a fear of birth and general anxiety measures were included as well as questions about what sources of information shaped students’ attitudes towards pregnancy and birth (i.e. visual/written media, experiences of friends/family members, school-based education, and other) and impressions of birth from these sources (i.e. positive, negative, both positive and negative and not applicable). Results: Eligible students (n=276) completed the online questionnaire. The majority were Caucasian (87%) with a mean age of 22.6 years. Ninety-two students (33.3%) reported negative childbirth impressions through direct or vicarious sources. Students with negative impressions were significantly more likely to report higher fear of birth scores. Negatively perceived birth stories of friends/family members, and mixed perceptions of visual media representations of birth were associated with higher fear of birth scores. Having witnessed a birth first-hand and describing the experience as amazing was linked to lower fear scores. Conclusion: First-hand observations of birth, especially positive experiences, had implications for salutary outcomes. Negative or conflicting perceptions of vicarious experiences were associated with increased levels of childbirth fear. While further research is needed, these 3 insights suggest a need for positive birth stories and messages to be disseminated to mitigate negative effects of indirect accounts

Translation of Galuzo, I. G., N. I. Sevast\u27yanova, M. N. Mel\u27nikh, A. E. Grigorashenko, U. D. Vustina, A. M. Krivkova, L. S. Bogdanyuk, and M. E. Bokova. 1970. Serologicheskaya kharakteristika shtammov toksoplazm, vydelennykh ot razlichnykh vidov zhivotnykh [= Serologic characterization of strains of \u3ci\u3eToxoplasma\u3c/i\u3e isolated from various species of animals]. \u3ci\u3eVoprosy Prirodnoi Ochagovosti Boleznei\u3c/i\u3e [= \u3ci\u3eContributions on the Natural Nidality of Disease\u3c/i\u3e], Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, USSR 3: 37-48

Translation number 28, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States (9 pages) Translation of Galuzo, I. G., N. I. Sevast\u27yanova, M. N. Mel\u27nikh, A. E. Grigorashenko, U. D. Vustina, A. M. Krivkova, L. S. Bogdanyuk, and M. E. Bokova. 1970. Serologicheskaya kharakteristika shtammov toksoplazm, vydelennykh ot razlichnykh vidov zhivotnykh [= Serologic characterization of strains of Toxoplasma isolated from various species of animals]. Voprosy Prirodnoi Ochagovosti Boleznei [= Contributions on the Natural Nidality of Disease], Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, USSR 3: 37-48 Translated from Russian to English by Frederick K. Plous, Jr., and edited by Norman D. Levin

Hostile and Benevolent Sexism: The Differential Roles of Human Supremacy Beliefs, Women’s Connection to Nature, and the Dehumanization of Women

Scholars have long argued that sexism is partly rooted in dominance motives over animals and nature, with women being perceived as more animal-like and more closely connected to nature than men. Yet systematic research investigating these associations is currently lacking. Five studies (total N=2,409) consistently show that stronger beliefs in human supremacy over animals and nature were related to heightened hostile and benevolent sexism. Furthermore, perceiving women as more closely connected to nature than men was particularly associated with higher benevolent sexism, whereas subtle dehumanization of women was uniquely associated with higher hostile sexism. Blatant dehumanization predicted both types of sexism. Studies 3 and 4 highlight the roles of social dominance orientation and benevolent beliefs about nature underpinning these associations, while Study 5 demonstrates the implications for individuals’ acceptance of rape myths and policies restricting pregnant women’s freedom. Taken together, our findings reveal the psychological connections between gender relations and human-animal relations

The person-based nature of prejudice: Individual difference predictors of intergroup negativity

Person-based factors influence a range of meaningful life outcomes, including intergroup processes, and have long been implicated in explaining prejudice. In addition to demonstrating significant heritability, person-based factors are evident in expressions of generalised prejudice, a robust finding that some people (relative to others) consistently score higher in prejudice towards multiple outgroups. Our contemporary review includes personality factors, ideological orientations (e.g., authoritarianism), religiosity, anxiety, threat, disgust sensitivity, and cognitive abilities and styles. Meta-analytic syntheses demonstrate that such constructs consistently predict prejudice, often at the upper bounds of effect sizes observed in psychological research. We conclude that prejudice theories need to better integrate person- and situation-based factors, including their interaction, to capture the complexity of prejudice and inform intervention development