Kelas Awet 15 Jenis Kayu Andalan Setempat Terhadap Rayap Kayu Kering, Rayap Tanah Dan Penggerek Di Laut

Lima belas jenis kayu andalan setempat yang berasal dari beberapa daerah di Jawa Barat diuji keawetannya. Kayu contoh uji yang berukuran 5,0 cm x 2,5 cm x 2,0 cm diuji terhadap rayap kayu kering (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.), yang berukuran 2,0 cm x 0,5 cm x 0,5 cm diuji terhadap rayap tanah (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgreen.) dan yang berukuran 2,5 cm x 5 cm x 30 cm diuji terhadap penggerek kayu di laut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 15 jenis kayu yang diuji, hanya tarisi (Albizia lebbeck Benth.) yang paling tahan terhadap Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light. atau masuk ke dalam kelas awet I, dan kayu putih (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell.) tahan terhadap Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgreen atau masuk ke dalam kelas awet II. Sedangkan hasil uji kayu di laut menunjukan bahwa semua jenis kayu tidak tahan terhadap penggerek di laut

Evaluasi Jenis Bahan Penstabil dan Koagulan Lateks pada Sistem Reaksi Hidrogenasi Katalitik Lateks Karet Alam Skala Semi Pilot

Karet alam terhidrogenasi yang dihasilkan dari reaksi hidrogenasi karet alam fasa lateks oleh senyawa diimida berpotensi digunakan sebagai pengganti karet sintetik tipe EPDM. Salah satu faktor penentu keberhasilan pembuatan karet alam terhidrogenasi adalah pemilihan jenis bahan penstabil dan koagulan lateks. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis bahan penstabil dan koagulan lateks yang paling ideal untuk digunakan dalam reaksi hidrogenasi lateks karet alam yang dijalankan pada skala semi pilot berkapasitas 2,5 kg lateks pekat/batch. Bahan penstabil yang diujicobakan terdiri atas senyawa basa kuat NaOH dan surfaktan anionik Sodium Lauril Sulfat (SLS), sedangkan koagulan diambil dari jenis garam anorganik CaCl2 dan asam organik yaitu asam format. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahan penstabil jenis SLS dan koagulan jenis asam format merupakan bahan aditif terbaik yang dapat digunakan dalam reaksi hidrogenasi lateks karet dengan senyawa diimida. Karet alam terhidrogenasi yang dibuat dengan penambahan kedua bahan aditif tersebut memiliki nilai derajat hidrogenasi tertinggi (34 – 35%), yang diikuti dengan kadar abu yang rendah (0,05 – 0,06%)

Ketahanan 45 Jenis Kayu Indonesia Terhadap Rayap Kayu Kering Dan Rayap Tanah

Empat puluh lima jenis kayu yang berasal dari beberapa daerah di Indonesia diuji sifat ketahanan alaminya terhadap rayap kayu kering (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) dan rayap tanah (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgreen). Pengujian ketahanan terhadap rayap tanah dan rayap kayu kering dilakukan sesuai dengan metode SNI 7207:2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 45 jenis kayu yang dipelajari, enam jenis dari 45 jenis kayu yang diteliti tergolong sangat tahan (kelas awet I), 11 jenis tahan (kelas awet II) dan sisanya 28 jenis masuk ke dalam kelas awet rendah (III, IV dan V) terhadap C. cynocephalus Light. Hasil pengujian ketahanan terhadap C. curvignathus Holmgreen menunjukkan tujuh jenis tergolong sangat tahan (kelas awet I), 14 jenis tahan (kelas awet II), dan sisanya 24 jenis masuk ke dalam kelas awet rendah (III, IV dan V). Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa jenis kayu yang tahan terhadap rayap kayu kering belum tentu tahan terhadap rayap tanah, dan sebaliknya

Durabilty of 25 Local Specific Wood Species From Java Preserved with Ccb Against Marine Borers Attack

This study was conducted to provide basis information of the 25 local specific wood species indigenous from Java treated by copper bichromated boron (CCB). The full-cell process for 2 hours and 150 psi during the pressure-keeping period was employed. The IUFRO method was applied for the determination of wood treatability class. The treated and untreated wood specimens were tied together using plastic cord, arranged into a raft like assembly, and then exposed for 3, 6, and 12 months to the brackish water situated at Rambut Island's coastal area. The Nordic Wood Preservation Council (NWPC) standard No.1.4.2.2/75 was used to determine the intensity of marine borer infestation. The results revealed that 19 out of those 25 species were classified as easy to be preser ved, four species as moderate, and the remaining two were difficult to be preser ved. Those 19 species, i.e. Tamarindus indica L., Diplodiscus sp., Ficus variegate R .Br., Ehretia acuminata R .Br., Meliocope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn) T.G. Hartley, Colona javanica B.L., Pouteria duclitanBachni., Stercularia oblongata R .Br., Ficus vasculosa Wall ex Miq., Callophyllum grandiflorum JJS., Turpinia sphaerocarpa Hassk., Neolitsea triplinervia Merr., Acer niveum Bl., Sloanea sigun Szysz., Castanopsis acuminatissima A.DC., Cinnamomum iners Reinw. Ex Blume., Litsea angulata Bl., Ficus nervosa Heyne., and Horsfieldia glabra Warb. were more permeable implying that the CCB retention and penetration were greater and deeper. Hymeneaecarboril.L., LitseaodoriferaVal., Gironniera subasqualisPlanch., and LinderapolyanthaBoerl. were moderately permeable. Castanopsis tunggurut A.DC. and Azadirachta indica Juss. were the least permeable judging that the CCB retention and penetration were lowest and shallowest. The treated wood specimens in this regard were able to prevent marine borers attack. Meanwhile, the untreated specimens were susceptible to marine borers attack, except Azadirachta indica. The attacking borers consecutively are MartesiastriataLinne that belongs to the Pholadidae family ; and Teredo bartschi Clapp., Dicyathifer manni Wright., and Bankia cieba Clench. to the Terdinidae family

Kelas Awet 15 Jenis Kayu Andalan Setempat Terhadap Rayap Kayu Kering, Rayap Tanah Dan Penggerek Di Laut

Lima belas jenis kayu andalan setempat yang berasal dari beberapa daerah di Jawa Barat diuji keawetannya. Kayu contoh uji yang berukuran 5,0 cm x 2,5 cm x 2,0 cm diuji terhadap rayap kayu kering (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.), yang berukuran 2,0 cm x 0,5 cm x 0,5 cm diuji terhadap rayap tanah (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgreen.) dan yang berukuran 2,5 cm x 5 cm x 30 cm diuji terhadap penggerek kayu di laut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 15 jenis kayu yang diuji, hanya tarisi (Albizia lebbeck Benth.) yang paling tahan terhadap Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light. atau masuk ke dalam kelas awet I, dan kayu putih (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell.) tahan terhadap Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgreen atau masuk ke dalam kelas awet II. Sedangkan hasil uji kayu di laut menunjukan bahwa semua jenis kayu tidak tahan terhadap penggerek di laut

THE IMPACT OF SUBSIDY POLICY FOR COMPETITIVENESS OF PADDY FARMING IN GORONTALO PROVINCE, INDONESIA

Abstract: The aims of this research are 1) to analyze the policy impact of input and output subsidies to paddy-rice competitiveness, and 2) to analyze the comparative and competitive advantages of paddy farming in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. The research conducted at Gorontalo Province. The method use Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) to measure the competitiveness parameters such a Domestic Resources Cost Ratio (DRCR) as a ratio for comparative advantages and Private Cost Ratio (PCR) as a ratio for competitive advantages. Meanwhile, PAM also measure the protection coefficients, such a Nominal Protection Coefficient on Output and Input (NPCO and NPCI), Effective Protection Coefficient (EPC). In additional, Producer Subsidy Equivalent (PSE) was used to measure a relative incentive for producers (farmers). Consumer Subsidy Equivalent (CSE) was used to measure a relative incentive for consumer. The results showed that NPCO and NPCI are 1.35 (there’s government protection for output/ rice) and 0.42 (there’s protection for inputs or subsidies for tradable inputs), respectively. The result of the EPC is 1.51. EPC> 1 indicates that government protection works effectively to rice commodity. Based on PAM analysis, PCR and DRCR values in this study were 1.14 and 1.52, respectively. PSE obtained value of 0.33 which indicate that producers (farmers) are not receiving direct or indirect incentives from government subsidy policies. CSE obtained results -0.27 at the level of actual prices and -0.37 at the border price. It indicates that consumers lost a surplus of 27% of the domestic rice price on average, or 37% of the border price

Fractional Dynamics from Einstein Gravity, General Solutions, and Black Holes

We study the fractional gravity for spacetimes with non-integer dimensions. Our constructions are based on a geometric formalism with the fractional Caputo derivative and integral calculus adapted to nonolonomic distributions. This allows us to define a fractional spacetime geometry with fundamental geometric/physical objects and a generalized tensor calculus all being similar to respective integer dimension constructions. Such models of fractional gravity mimic the Einstein gravity theory and various Lagrange-Finsler and Hamilton-Cartan generalizations in nonholonomic variables. The approach suggests a number of new implications for gravity and matter field theories with singular, stochastic, kinetic, fractal, memory etc processes. We prove that the fractional gravitational field equations can be integrated in very general forms following the anholonomic deformation method for constructing exact solutions. Finally, we study some examples of fractional black hole solutions, fractional ellipsoid gravitational configurations and imbedding of such objects in fractional solitonic backgrounds.Comment: latex2e, 11pt, 40 pages with table of conten

KONTRIBUSI TEORI IBN AL-SHĀṬIR DALAM PERKEMBANGAN TRADISI ILMIAH ASTRONOMI ISLAM

This paper traces the roots of the scientific tradition of astronomy in a classical century that marked the rise of Islamic civilization in the midst of Western darkness in a philosophical-historical perspective. The study focussed on translation activities in the eighth century to the peak of astronomical scientific activity that is divided into two major schools; the astronomical-mathematical school of the East and the astronomical-philosophical schools of the Western world to the Islamic Caliphate. The Greek astronomical tradition is basically dominated by Aristotelian thought that states that the universe is organized into a set of concentric spheres each carrying a star and spinning around the earth. The Earth is still and becomes the center of the universe. Ptolemy adopted the two basic principles of Aristotle, ie the earth dwells at the center of the universe and the motion of heavenly bodies must be represented by a set of perfectly uniform circular motions. From the results of historical studies on the development of Muslim astronomy in the classical century can be seen that the peak of scientific progress in the Western world can not be separated from the point of zenit for the advancement of science developed by Muslim scientists. Efforts made by Western scientists in enriching the astronomical treasury is inseparable from the step of translation through intensive scientific studies that gave birth to a variety of monumental works in the history of astronomy.Tulisan ini melacak akar tradisi ilmiah astronomi pada abad klasik yang menandai majunya peradaban Islam di tengah-tengah kegelapan Barat dalam perspektif historis-filosofis. Kajian difokuskan pada aktivitas penerjemahan pada abad kedelapan hingga puncak kegiatan ilmiah astronomis yang terbagi dalam dua mazhab besar; mazhab astronomis-matematis di Timur dan mazhab astronomis-filosofis di dunia Barat pada kekhalifahan Islam. Tradisi astronomi Yunani pada dasarnya didominasi pemikiran Aristotelian yang menyatakan bahwa alam semesta diatur menjadi satu set bola konsentris masing-masing membawa bintang dan berputar di sekitar bumi. Bumi berposisi diam dan menjadi pusat alam semesta. Ptolemeus mengadopsi kedua prinsip dasar Aristoteles tersebut, yaitu bumi diam di pusat alam semesta dan gerak benda-benda langit harus diwakili oleh satu set gerakan melingkar sempurna yang seragam. Dari hasil kajian historis atas perkembangan astronomi muslim pada abad klasik dapat diketahui bahwa puncak kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan di dunia Barat tidak lepas dari titik zenit atas kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan yang dikembangkan oleh ilmuwan Muslim. Upaya yang dilakukan ilmuwan Barat dalam memperkaya khazanah astronomi tidak terlepas dari langkah penerjemahan melalui pengkajian ilmiah yang intensif sehingga melahirkan berbagai karya-karya monumental dalam sejarah astronomi