Speech and language difficulties in children with and without a family history of dyslexia

Comorbidity between SLI and dyslexia is well documented. Researchers have variously argued that dyslexia is a separate disorder from SLI, or that children with dyslexia show a subset of the difficulties shown in SLI. This study examines these hypotheses by assessing whether family history of dyslexia and speech and language difficulties are separable risk factors for literacy difficulties. Forty-six children with a family risk of dyslexia (FRD) and 36 children receiving speech therapy (SLT) were compared to 128 typically developing children. A substantial number (41.3%) of the children with FRD had received SLT. The nature of their difficulties did not differ in severity or form from those shown by the other children in SLT. However, both SLT and FRD were independent risk factors in predicting reading difficulties both concurrently and 6 months later. It is argued that the results are best explained in terms of Pennington's (2006) multiple deficits model

Structural Relaxation and Mode Coupling in a Simple Liquid: Depolarized Light Scattering in Benzene

We have measured depolarized light scattering in liquid benzene over the whole accessible temperature range and over four decades in frequency. Between 40 and 180 GHz we find a susceptibility peak due to structural relaxation. This peak shows stretching and time-temperature scaling as known from $\alpha$ relaxation in glass-forming materials. A simple mode-coupling model provides consistent fits of the entire data set. We conclude that structural relaxation in simple liquids and $\alpha$ relaxation in glass-forming materials are physically the same. A deeper understanding of simple liquids is reached by applying concepts that were originally developed in the context of glass-transition research.Comment: submitted to New J. Phy

Evidence from Rb–Sr mineral ages for multiple orogenic events in the Caledonides of Shetland, Scotland

Shetland occupies a unique central location within the North Atlantic Caledonides. Thirty-three new high-precision Rb–Sr mineral ages indicate a polyorogenic history. Ages of 723–702 Ma obtained from the vicinity of the Wester Keolka Shear Zone indicate a Neoproterozoic (Knoydartian) age and preclude its correlation with the Silurian Moine Thrust. Ordovician ages of c. 480–443 Ma obtained from the Yell Sound Group and the East Mainland Succession constrain deformation fabrics and metamorphic assemblages to have formed during Grampian accretionary orogenic events, broadly contemporaneously with orogenesis of the Dalradian Supergroup in Ireland and mainland Scotland. The relative paucity of Silurian ages is attributed to a likely location at a high structural level in the Scandian nappe pile relative to mainland Scotland. Ages of c. 416 and c. 411 Ma for the Uyea Shear Zone suggest a late orogenic evolution that has more in common with East Greenland and Norway than with northern mainland Scotland

Reactive self-heating model of aluminum spherical nanoparticles

Aluminum-oxygen reaction is important in many highly energetic, high pressure generating systems. Recent experiments with nanostructured thermites suggest that oxidation of aluminum nanoparticles occurs in a few microseconds. Such rapid reaction cannot be explained by a conventional diffusion-based mechanism. We present a rapid oxidation model of a spherical aluminum nanoparticle, using Cabrera-Mott moving boundary mechanism, and taking self-heating into account. In our model, electric potential solves the nonlinear Poisson equation. In contrast with the Coulomb potential, a "double-layer" type solution for the potential and self-heating leads to enhanced oxidation rates. At maximal reaction temperature of 2000 C, our model predicts overall oxidation time scale in microseconds range, in agreement with experimental evidence.Comment: submitte

Elastic waves and transition to elastic turbulence in a two-dimensional viscoelastic Kolmogorov flow

We investigate the dynamics of the two-dimensional periodic Kolmogorov flow of a viscoelastic fluid, described by the Oldroyd-B model, by means of direct numerical simulations. Above a critical Weissenberg number the flow displays a transition from stationary to randomly fluctuating states, via periodic ones. The increasing complexity of the flow in both time and space at progressively higher values of elasticity accompanies the establishment of mixing features. The peculiar dynamical behavior observed in the simulations is found to be related to the appearance of filamental propagating patterns, which develop even in the limit of very small inertial non-linearities, thanks to the feedback of elastic forces on the flow.Comment: 10 pages, 14 figure

Thermodiffusion in model nanofluids by molecular dynamics simulations

In this work, a new algorithm is proposed to compute single particle (infinite dilution) thermodiffusion using Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics simulations through the estimation of the thermophoretic force that applies on a solute particle. This scheme is shown to provide consistent results for simple Lennard-Jones fluids and for model nanofluids (spherical non-metallic nanoparticles + Lennard-Jones fluid) where it appears that thermodiffusion amplitude, as well as thermal conductivity, decrease with nanoparticles concentration. Then, in nanofluids in the liquid state, by changing the nature of the nanoparticle (size, mass and internal stiffness) and of the solvent (quality and viscosity) various trends are exhibited. In all cases the single particle thermodiffusion is positive, i.e. the nanoparticle tends to migrate toward the cold area. The single particle thermal diffusion 2 coefficient is shown to be independent of the size of the nanoparticle (diameter of 0.8 to 4 nm), whereas it increases with the quality of the solvent and is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid. In addition, this coefficient is shown to be independent of the mass of the nanoparticle and to increase with the stiffness of the nanoparticle internal bonds. Besides, for these configurations, the mass diffusion coefficient behavior appears to be consistent with a Stokes-Einstein like law

XMM-Newton and INTEGRAL analysis of the Supergiant Fast X-ray Transient IGR J17354-3255

We present the results of combined INTEGRAL and XMM-Newton observations of the supergiant fast X-ray transient (SFXT) IGR J17354$-$3255. Three XMM-Newton observations of lengths 33.4 ks, 32.5 ks and 21.9 ks were undertaken, the first an initial pointing to identify the correct source in the field of view and the latter two performed around periastron. Simultaneous INTEGRAL observations across $\sim66\%$ of the orbital cycle were analysed but the source was neither detected by IBIS/ISGRI nor by JEM-X. The XMM-Newton light curves display a range of moderately bright X-ray activity but there are no particularly strong flares or outbursts in any of the three observations. We show that the spectral shape measured by XMM-Newton can be fitted by a consistent model throughout the observation, suggesting that the observed flux variations are driven by obscuration from a wind of varying density rather than changes in accretion mode. The simultaneous INTEGRAL data rule out simple extrapolation of the simple powerlaw model beyond the XMM-Newton energy range.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, This article has been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Published by Oxford University Pres