Should Ecological Science Be Ethical?

Both scientific and moral communities have identified that current management of the natural environment by humans is unsustainable. How society responds to environmental challenges will likely require a multi-disciplinary approach. Jenkins addresses the contributions that science, religion and ethics can make to resolving complex environmental problems and increasing successful management of ecological systems. While we agree with many of Jenkins' points, he touches upon three common ideas about science, and ecology in particular, that we argue are often misconstrued: Scientific understanding of current environmental challenges is inadequate due to 'uncertainty' in scientific studies; Ecological scientists are equivalent to environmental managers; and scientists should become more like activists and consider social values as drivers. We suggest that these ideas may be unhelpful in interpreting scientific studies and might lead to increasing misrepresentation of science. Furthermore, such perceptions may increase distrust by the general public of scientists who do not adequately separate objective scientific evidence from personal value-judgments. We agree that the scientific method should indeed be ethical, with no room for fraud or deliberate falsification of results, but that the science itself must be objective and non-moral, with scientific evidence unprejudiced by political and social agendas. We recommend that ecologists and managers, as well as ethicists and religious communities, work together in a robust defense of an evidence-based approach to the management and restoration of global ecological systems

Pre-Competition

As the costs of pharmaceutical research and development rise and concerns grow about the pace of innovation, both federal agencies and industry participants have turned to new forms of collaboration to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of biomedical research. Industry participants, many of them competitors, come together to define joint research and development objectives and to share project results in what are widely known as “pre-competitive” collaborations. There is a prevailing understanding among both industry and governmental actors that these pre-competitive endeavors are not only permissible, but encouraged. While the term “pre-competitive” is prevalent in the pharmaceutical industry, it is missing from the antitrust lexicon. Neither the courts nor the federal agencies charged with enforcing U.S. antitrust laws have ever recognized precompetitive activity as immune from antitrust challenge. Rather, antitrust regulators have repeatedly emphasized that when competitors collaborate, anticompetitive behavior may arise regardless of the stage at which collaborating occurs. This Article critically examines the phenomenon of precompetitive collaboration through an antitrust lens. It analyzes the apparent disconnect between the industry reliance on precompetition as a way of demarcating procompetitive arrangements among competitors, on the one hand, and the absence of any such distinction in antitrust law or practice, on the other. It then explores the ways that this disconnect may manifest itself in the choice and structure of collaborative arrangements and suggests a framework for refocusing attention on collaborations that are procompetitive, irrespective of the stage of development

Public-Private Litigation for Health

Public health litigation can be a powerful mechanism for addressing public health harms where alternative interventions have failed. It can draw public attention to corporate misconduct and create a public record of the actions taken and the harms done. In an ideal world, it could achieve compensation for past harms and incentivize deterrence of future misconduct. But the full public health potential of these lawsuits is rarely achieved, even when the suits are brought on behalf of federal, state, and local governments with the ostensible goal of protecting the health of the citizens. The increasing involvement of private attorneys in public litigation only adds to the challenges of using litigation to achieve public health goals. While there are continuing debates over the desirability of litigation partnerships between state attorneys general (AGs) and private counsel, as a practical matter, the involvement of private law firms in public litigation is unlikely to disappear any time soon. This Article fills a critical gap in the literature on the privatization of public litigation by showing why, despite their shortcomings, arrangements between state and private lawyers have the potential to satisfy public health goals that might otherwise remain out of reach. It provides a theory of legal research and development to show why these arrangements are not only likely to persist but are also most likely to occur in high-impact public health litigation. This Article then examines how the incentives of both state AGs and private law firms influence choices along the litigation pathway in ways that may undermine the potential to achieve public health value. It concludes by proposing a novel impact-based approach to public-private litigation, providing a decision-making framework that AGs can adopt to increase the role of public health objectives in the litigation process

Latar Belakang Penyebab Anak Putus Sekolah di Desa Kototuo Kecamatan XIII Koto Kampar Provinsi Riau

This study was conducted at Desa Kototuo Kecamatan XIII Koto Kampar Provinsi Riau. The study was titled "Background Cause of Children Drop Out at Desa Kototuo Kecamatan XIII Koto Kampar Provinsi Riau. The purpose of this study was to determine the background of the causes of children dropping out of school at Desa Kototuo Kecamatan XIII Koto Kampar Provinsi Riau. The focus of this research is the factors that influence the interest of the child to education at Desa Kototuo Kecamatan XIII Koto Kampar Provinsi Riau. The subjects studied were junior high school dropouts at Desa Kototuo Kecamatan XIII Koto Kampar As many as five research subjects. The author uses descriptive and qualitative methods of data are analyzed qualitatively and using purposive sampling technique. Data instruments are observations, in-depth interviews and documentation. Research conducted at Desa Kototuo Kecamatan XIII Koto Kampar On the background of the causes of dropping out of school at Desa Kototuo Has been done. A study of five school dropouts and their parents found that the underlying causes of dropouts consisted of a parent background, an environmental background, and an economic background. The research found that the causes of drop out in school Desa Kototuo Due to the low interest of the child to education. The low interest of the child to this education is influenced by, parents\u27 interest in education, parental concern for education and parental involvement in education

Identifikasi Miskonsespi Siswa pada Materi Getaran dan Gelombang Kelas VIII di Mtsn Rukoh

This study aims to identify misconceptions in students in class VIII MTSN Rukoh on the concept of vibrations and waves. The study population was a class VIII student MTsN Rukoh Banda Aceh the school year 2016/2017, amounting to 120 students and 28 are designated sample VIIIA class. Determination of sample is purposive sampling. The method used is qualitative descriptive method. The data collection was done by using a diagnostic test which is equipped with a CRI (Certainly of Response Index) and interviews. Processing data using simple statistical calculation in the form of a percentage. The result showed that the average level of Lucky Guess (LG) of 11:24%, Know Concepts (TK) as much as 26.75%, Do not Know Concepts (TTK) as much as 25.17% and Misconceptions (M) as much as 32.67%

Bahasa Mantra dalam Upacara Barapus Sastra Lisan Masyarakat Dayak Kanayatn

The result of the research are (1) the rhymes obtained in the spell of Dayak Kanayatn barapus includes: (a) rhyme which is based on the sound or voice: whole rhyme, absolute rhyme, half rhyme , alliteration rhyme, assonance rhyme, consonant rhyme and dissonance rhyme. (b)rhyme based on its location on the lines: early rhyme, middle rhyme, last rhyme. (c) rhyme based on its similarity of voice or sound in lines: flat rhyme. (d) rhyme based on its pair in verse: continuous rhyme and free rhyme. Based on the analysis result, the most dominant rhyme based on its voice or sound is alliteration rhyme. The most dominant rhyme based on its words location in lines is early rhyme. Meanwhile the most dominant according to its location of pairs in verse is free rhyme. (2) the function contained in barapus spell of Dayak Kanayatn included: (a) social function (b) religious function. (3) the environment where the barapus spell of Dayak Kanayatn were Perused included: (a) materials used, and (b) speel Perusing procession

Intersectionality and the politics of knowledge production

Since its coinage in the 1980s, intersectionality has journeyed across borders and disciplines, which is a testament to its resonance. We examine how intersectionality has travelled within political science and the potential impact that this has had on its political project, with particular attention to the politics of knowledge production. The analysis draws on: (1) an original database of articles published in political science journals; (2) descriptive citation analysis; (3) a content analysis of the articles; and (4) an online survey of authors. We find that positionality plays an important role in shaping the field and political project of intersectionality

A multiwavelength study of young massive star forming regions: II. The dust environment

We present observations of 1.2-mm dust continuum emission, made with the Swedish ESO Submillimeter Telescope, towards eighteen luminous IRAS point sources, all with colors typical of compact HII regions and associated with CS(2-1) emission, thought to be representative of young massive star forming regions. Emission was detected toward all the IRAS objects. We find that the 1.2-mm sources associated with them have distinct physical parameters, namely sizes of 0.4 pc, dust temperatures of 30 K, masses of 2x10^3 Msun, column densities of 3x10^23 cm^-2, and densities of 4x10^5 cm^-3. We refer to these dust structures as massive and dense cores. Most of the 1.2-mm sources show single-peaked structures, several of which exhibit a bright compact peak surrounded by a weaker extended envelope. The observed radial intensity profiles of sources with this type of morphology are well fitted with power-law intensity profiles with power-law indices in the range 1.0-1.7. This result indicates that massive and dense cores are centrally condensed, having radial density profiles with power-law indices in the range 1.5-2.2. We also find that the UC HII regions detected with ATCA towards the IRAS sources investigated here (Paper I) are usually projected at the peak position of the 1.2-mm dust continuum emission, suggesting that massive stars are formed at the center of the centrally condensed massive and dense cores.Comment: 6 figures, accepted by Ap

The genetic correlation between flower size and water use efficiency in monkeyflowers

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://www.evolutionary-ecology.com/.Question: Does water loss during drought stress represent an important physiological constraint on the evolution of flower size? Organism: A genetically diverse population of Mimulus guttatus (yellow monkeyflower) originally sampled from an alpine meadow in Oregon, USA. Methods: We grew plants of three different genotypic classes (small, medium, and large flowered) under both well-watered and drought-stress conditions and measured water use efficiency using stable carbon isotopes. Results: There was no difference in water use efficiency among flower size genotypes under well-watered conditions, but the water use efficiency of small-flowered plants was substantially lower than that of medium or large genotypes under drought stress. Whether this paradoxical result is a direct effect of flower size or an indirect (i.e. pleiotropic) effect, the presence of a genetic correlation between floral and physiological traits indicates that selection of one does impact the other