Effect of Negative Ions on Electrical Breakdown in a Nonuniform Air Gap Between a Wire and a Plane

Electrical breakdown of an axisymmetric, atmospheric pressure air gap between a wire and a plane has been investigated for a gap length of 0.5 mm. 0- and 02- have been identified as the negative ions affecting the discharge development in air, besides electrons and positive ions, and have been included in the electrical breakdown model. Five coupled two-dimensional transient partial differential equations describing the discharge evolution in the air gap have been solved using a finite difference algorithm developed earlier. Temporal development of the charged particle number densities, electrostatic potential, electric field, and current at both the electrodes is presented when the wire is negatively biased at 2500 V. The impact of negative ions on gap breakdown has been assessed by comparing the results of analyses with and without negative ions. It is concluded that the negative ions have negligible effect during the early stages of the discharge development. However, as the discharge evolves, the negative ions cause a net loss of electrons from the discharge. The effect is most pronounced away from the discharge axis, where peaks in the electron density occur as breakdown proceeds. Radial spread of discharge and current growth rate are relatively unaffected by the presence of negative ions, but the magnitude of total current at the electrodes has been found to decrease by a decade when the negative ions are present

Two-Dimenslonal Analysis of Electrical Breakdown in a Nonuniform Gap Between a Wire and a Plane

Electrical breakdown of a gap between a wire (modeled as a hyperboloid) and a plane has been investigated numerically by solving the two-dimensional form of the diffusion flux equations for the charged particle number densities and Poisson\u27s equation for the self-consistent electric field. Electron impact ionization, thermal ionization, and three-body recombination have been considered as the charged particle production and loss mechanisms. The electrode surfaces are considered to be absorbing and the initial density of the particles is small, but nonzero, A gap length of 0.5 mm is investigated and the gas medium is air or argon at atmospheric pressure. The temporal development of the profiles of ion and electron number densities, potential and electric field, and current growth on both the electrodes are presented when the applied voltage is 1500 and 2500 V for both positive and negative wires. When the wire is negatively biased, the peaks in the radial distribution of both of the charged particle densities near the wire occur off the axis except during the very early part of the breakdown. With positive polarity, the electron density maximum always occurs on the discharge axis, while for ions it moves away from the axis, later in the transient, due to the reverse particle drift in the electric field from the negative polarity case, The discharge spreads farther out into the ambient (almost two times the gap length) when the wire is negatively biased than with positive polarity. The effect of charge separation on the externally applied electric field is significant at voltages 2500 V and higher. Ionization is greater in argon than in air for a fixed potential difference between the electrodes

Oscillatory enhancement of the squeezing flow of yield stress fluids: A novel experimental result

The extrusion of a yield stress fluid from the space between two parallel plates is investigated experimentally. Oscillating the magnitude of the squeezing force about a mean value (F = f[1+αcos(ωt)]) was observed to significantly enhance the flow rate of yield stress fluids, while having no effect on the flow rate of Newtonian fluids. This is a novel result. The enhancement depends on the magnitude of the force, the oscillatory frequency and amplitude, the fluid being squeezed, and the thickness of the fluid layer. Non-dimensional results for the various flow quantities have been presented by using the flow predicted for the constant-force squeezing of a Herschel-Bulkley yield stress fluid as the reference. In the limit of constant-force squeezing, the present experimental results compare very well with those of our earlier theoretical model for this situation (Zwick, Ayyaswamy & Cohen 1996). The results presented in this paper have significance, among many applications, for injection moulding, in the adhesive bonding of microelectronic chips, and in surgical procedures employed in health care

Temporary Redundant Transmission Mechanism for SCTP Multihomed Hosts

In SCTP’s Concurrent Multipath Transfer, if data is sent to the destined IP(s) without knowledge of the paths condition, packets may be lost or delayed. This is because of the bursty nature of IP traffic and physical damage to the network. To offset these problems, network path status is examined using our new mechanism Multipath State Aware Concurrent Multipath Transfer using redundant transmission (MSACMT-RTv2). Here the status of multiple paths is analyzed, initially and periodically thereafter transmitted. After examination, paths priority is assigned before transmission. One path is temporarily employed as redundant path for the failure-expected path (FEP); this redundant path is used for transmitting redundant data. At the end of predefined period, reliability of the FEP is confirmed. If FEP is ensured to be reliable, temporary path is transformed into normal CMT path. MSACMT-RTv2 algorithm is simulated using the Delaware University ns-2 SCTP/CMT module (ns-2; V2.29). We present and discuss MSACMT-RTv2 performance in asymmetric path delay and with finite receiver buffer (rbuf) size. We extended our experiment to test robustness of this algorithm and inferred exhaustive result. It is inferred that our algorithm outperforms better in terms of increasing the throughput and reducing the latency than existing system

On the average eccentricity‎, ‎the harmonic index and the largest signless Laplacian eigenvalue of a graph

The eccentricity of a vertex is the maximum distance from it to‎ ‎another vertex and the average eccentricity $eccleft(Gright)$ of a‎ ‎graph $G$ is the mean value of eccentricities of all vertices of‎ ‎$G$‎. ‎The harmonic index $Hleft(Gright)$ of a graph $G$ is defined‎ ‎as the sum of $frac{2}{d_{i}+d_{j}}$ over all edges $v_{i}v_{j}$ of‎ ‎$G$‎, ‎where $d_{i}$ denotes the degree of a vertex $v_{i}$ in $G$‎. ‎In‎ ‎this paper‎, ‎we determine the unique tree with minimum average‎ ‎eccentricity among the set of trees with given number of pendent‎ ‎vertices and determine the unique tree with maximum average‎ ‎eccentricity among the set of $n$-vertex trees with two adjacent‎ ‎vertices of maximum degree $Delta$‎, ‎where $ngeq 2Delta$‎. ‎Also‎, ‎we‎ ‎give some relations between the average eccentricity‎, ‎the harmonic‎ ‎index and the largest signless Laplacian eigenvalue‎, ‎and strengthen‎ ‎a result on the Randi'{c} index and the largest signless Laplacian‎ ‎eigenvalue conjectured by Hansen and Lucas cite{hl}‎

Detour spectrum and detour energy of conjugate graph complement of dihedral group

Study of graph from a group has become an interesting topic until now. One of the topics is spectra of a graph from finite group. Spectrum of a finite graph is defined as collection of all distinct eigenvalues and their algebraic multiplicity of its matrix. The most related topic in the study of spectrum of finite graph is energy. Energy of a finite graph is defined as sum of absolute value of all its eigenvalues. In this paper, we study the spectrum and energy of detour matrix of conjugate graph complement of dihedral group. The main result is presented as theorems with complete proof