A grammatical analysis of the Panjabi finite verbal phrase as exemplified from 'Gusal khana te hor lekh'.

In this thesis I have attempted to present a grammatical analysis of the finite verbal phrase in literary Panjabi with the material divided into four chapters. After the acknowledgements and contents the introductory chapter provides background information about the Panjabi language, Perso-Arabic, and Gurumukhi scripts, the system of transliteration, including historical outline of Panjabi language and literature and the previous work done in the field of grammar. The terms lexeme, suffix lexeme, and finite and non-finite(verbal phrase and verbal forms) are defined on the basis of the formal and functional approach adopted in this study. The second chapter deals the verbal phrase in its relations with such larger units as sentence and clause. The clause categories represented in the verbal phrase are here discussed in detial with special attention to non-honorific and honorific clauses. The chapter is concluded with an exhaustive list of types of clause structure involving the verbal phrase. The morphology of the verbal forms of the finite verbal phrase is discussed in the third chapter. It includes the classification of verbal forms into non-finite and finite, and of verbs into vowel-root and consonant-root verbs. Non-causative and causative, one-word and two-word, double verb and conjunct verb are defined. Verbal forms that inflect for the same categories, i.e number, gender, and person are grouped together; and the morphology of these five groups is described. Finally the morphology of the verb complement HO and the auxiliary verb HEE is also given. The internal structure of the finite verbal phrase and its component categories, active and passive, and affirmative and negative, are discussed in the fourth chapter. The thesis concludes with a bibliography

Preference of farmers towards private and public extension services

The main purpose of this study was to know the preference of farmers for different services provided by private and public extension agencies. In recent times involvement of private extension agencies has been increased in agricultural sector and up to some extent it has sidelined the public extension agencies, but public extension agencies have potential to do better and to reach farmers at their best. In view of this, present study was undertaken to find out the farmers’ preference towards public and private extension services in Ambala, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Hisar and Fatehabad districts of Haryana state. From each district two blocks were selected randomly and from each block two villages were selected. A manageable size of 10 farmers was selected from each village thus making total sample size of 200 farmers. Various aspects related to agricultural services provided by both public and private agencies were identified and response were obtained by putting a tick mark as per farmers’ preference for private and public agencies. On the basis of statistical tools like rank and mean score, results showed that farmers had great preference for ‘Input supply’ in private extension as compared to public extension followed by ‘Infrastructure facilities’. While for ‘Consultancy and diagnosis services’, ‘Information’ and ‘Technical services’, public extension was preferred as over the private extension

Phenological and Pomological Characteristics of Native Apple (Malus domestica Borkh) Cultivars of Trans Himalayan Ladakh India

Seven local apple cultivars of the trans-Himalayan Ladakh region were studied for phenological and pomological characteristics. Early and extended flowering was observed. Flowering began 12 days earlier as compared to Royal Delicious, a popular introduced cultivar. The cultivars attained fruit maturity between mid-August to early September, which is one month earlier than Royal Delicious. Apples of the Ladakh region are soft (6.1±1.1 kg cm-2) and small in size (60.1±29.1 g). The unique characteristics observed in apples of the Ladakh region, such as early flowering and early fruit maturity offer an opportunity for exploring the native cultivars for future breeding programs for the development of early maturing cultivars

Zero Energy Overwinter Storage of Apple Nursery Plants in trans-Himalayan Ladakh, India

Studies were conducted during 2015 and 2016 to assess the effects of storage conditions on survival of nursery plants in trans-Himalayan Ladakh region. Apple nursery plants raised under warm climatic conditions of Solan (Himachal) were lifted from nurseries in first week of January and stored upto March in cold Ladakh region. Underground cellar-stored plants showed significantly higher plant survival (92 to 94%) than greenhouse-stored plants (37 to 56% survival). Low and constant temperature (-1.5±4.1 to 10.0±1.4ºC) and absence of light inside the cellar were favorable factors for storage of nursery plants. Lower survival rates of greenhouse-stored plants could be attributed to lower and greater fluctuations in temperature (-9.3±1.7to 25.1±1.9ºC) inside the greenhouse. Cellar-stored plants were less subjected to freezing injury as reflected from shoot electrolyte leakage studies. The underground cellar was found effective for overwinter storage of apple nursery plants for 3 to 4 months. The method described is easy and cost-effective, and can be a satisfactory alternative to refrigerated cold storage in trans-Himalayan region with severe winters.

Development and evaluation of an ion induced x-ray emission system for the analysis of light and medium weight elements

The present work describes the development of a proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis system, especially designed and builtfor routine quantitative multi-elemental analysis of a large number of samples. The historical and general developments of the analytical technique and the physical processes involved are discussed. The philosophy, design, constructional details and evaluation of a versatile vacuum chamber, an automatic multi-sample changer, an on-demand beam pulsing system and ion beam current monitoring facility are described.The system calibration using thin standard foils of Si, P, S,Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Fe, Cu, Ga, Ge, Rb, Y and Mo was undertaken at proton beam energies of 1 to 3 MeV in steps of 0.5 MeV energy and compared with theoretical calculations. An independent calibration check using bovine liver Standard Reference Material was performed.  The minimum detectable limits have been experimentally determined at detector positions of 90° and 135° with respect to the incident beam for the above range of proton energies as a function of atomic number Z. The system has detection limits of typically 10- 7 to 10- 9 g for elements 14<Z<42 for lOµe of charge.  Computer programmes have been written for data analysis and calculations of areal density of thin foils using Rutherford backscattering data.  Amniotic fluid samples supplied by South Sefton Health Authority were successfully analysed for their low base line elemental concentrations. In conclusion the findings of this work are discussed with suggestions for further work

An experimental study of osteogenesis using radioactive strontium.

Sufficient evidence is available to consider radio-activity as a public health hazard. Constantly increasing use of atomic energy products in industry, as well as in the laboratory, presents a real problem. The biological effects of irradiation are presently studied from various points of view. Much remains to be learned about the long range effects of radiation. Only a beginning bas been made by the studies of Copeland, Vaughan, Aub, Looney and Gartland Hoffmann, Martland

Two new basic chromosome numbers in the genus Pennisetum

Two basic chromosome numbers, 7 and 9, have so far been reported for members of the genus Pennisetum, which belongs to the tribe Paniceae of Gramineae. We recently recorded the somatic chromosome numbers 10 and 32 in the species Pennisetum ramosum C. Sm. and P. massaicum Staf., which suggests two additional basic numbers, 5 and 8, for this genus. Both P. ramosum and P. massaicum are natives of tropical Africa and are perennials with profusely branched culms. Both possess all the key characters of the genus Pennisetum. Thus, the spikelets are solitary and are surrounded by an involucre of bristles that are free except at the very base. The first glume is shorter than the spikelets; the second glume is almost equal to the sterile lemma in size and the fertile lemma is smooth with a thin margin enclosing the palea