87 research outputs found
Polymorphisms in pattern recognition receptor genes of indigenous and White Leghorn breeds of chicken
Functional polymorphisms in pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) modulate
innate immunity and play a crucial role in resistance or susceptibility to
diseases. The present study was carried out to explore polymorphic patterns
in the coding sequences of PRR genes TLR3, TLR1LA (TLRs),
MDA5, LGP2 (RLRs) and NOD1 (NLR) in chicken breeds
of India, namely Ghagus (GH), Nicobari (NB) and the exotic
White Leghorn (WLH) breed. Out of 209 SNPs observed in five genes among three
breeds, 117 were synonymous (Syn) and 92 were non-synonymous (NS) SNPs. In
TLR genes the highest polymorphism was observed in NB (16, 28)
compared to GH (14, 16) and WLH (13, 19) breeds. In the MDA5 gene
the highest polymorphism was observed in GH (12) compared to NB (eight) and
WLH (four) breeds. However, an almost similar level of polymorphism was observed
in the LGP2 gene among the three breeds. In the NOD1 gene, the highest
polymorphism was observed in NB (27), followed by WLH (11) and GH (10) breeds.
The overall highest number of SNPs was observed in NB (90), followed by GH (62)
and the WLH (57) breed. With regard to variation in polymorphism among different
classes of PRRs, the study revealed the highest polymorphism in TLRs compared to
NOD1 and the RLR class of PRRs. Further, the domain locations of various Syn and
NS SNPs in each PRR among the three breeds were identified. In silico
analysis of NS SNPs revealed that most of them had a neutral effect on
protein function. However, two each in TLR1LA and LGP2
and one in the MDA5 gene were predicted to be deleterious to
protein function. The present study unravelled extensive polymorphism in the
coding sequences of the TLR and NLR class of PRR genes, and the polymorphism was
higher in indigenous chicken breeds.</p
Eimeria species occurrence varies between geographic regions and poultry production systems and may influence parasite genetic diversity
Coccidiosis is one of the biggest challenges faced by the global poultry industry. Recent studies have highlighted the ubiquitous distribution of all Eimeria species which can cause this disease in chickens, but intriguingly revealed a regional divide in genetic diversity and population structure for at least one species, Eimeria tenella. The drivers associated with such distinct geographic variation are unclear, but may impact on the occurrence and extent of resistance to anticoccidial drugs and future subunit vaccines. India is one of the largest poultry producers in the world and includes a transition between E. tenella populations defined by high and low genetic diversity. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with the prevalence of Eimeria species defined by high and low pathogenicity in northern and southern states of India, and seek to understand factors which vary between the regions as possible drivers for differential genetic variation. Faecal samples and data relating to farm characteristics and management were collected from 107 farms from northern India and 133 farms from southern India. Faecal samples were analysed using microscopy and PCR to identify Eimeria occurrence. Multiple correspondence analysis was applied to transform correlated putative risk factors into a smaller number of synthetic uncorrelated factors. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify poultry farm typologies, revealing three distinct clusters in the studied regions. The association between clusters and presence of Eimeria species was assessed by logistic regression. The study found that large-scale broiler farms in the north were at greatest risk of harbouring any Eimeria species and a larger proportion of such farms were positive for E. necatrix, the most pathogenic species. Comparison revealed a more even distribution for E. tenella across production systems in south India, but with a lower overall occurrence. Such a polarised region- and system-specific distribution may contribute to the different levels of genetic diversity observed previously in India and may influence parasite population structure across much of Asia and Africa. The findings of the study can be used to prioritise target farms to launch and optimise appropriate anticoccidial strategies for long-term control
Microbial diversity and community composition of caecal microbiota in commercial and indigenous Indian chickens determined using 16s rDNA amplicon sequencing
Different alpha diversity indices for each sample of university farm data estimated using QIIME for primer pair P2 data. OTUs were clustered at > 97% similarity. (XLSX 12 kb
Gene Expression Profiles of Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts in Response to Salmonella Enteritidis Infection
The response of chicken to non-typhoidal Salmonella infection is becoming well characterised but the role of particular cell types in this response is still far from being understood. Therefore, in this study we characterised the response of chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) to infection with two different S. Enteritidis strains by microarray analysis. The expression of chicken genes identified as significantly up- or down-regulated (≥3-fold) by microarray analysis was verified by real-time PCR followed by functional classification of the genes and prediction of interactions between the proteins using Gene Ontology and STRING Database. Finally the expression of the newly identified genes was tested in HD11 macrophages and in vivo in chickens. Altogether 19 genes were induced in CEFs after S. Enteritidis infection. Twelve of them were also induced in HD11 macrophages and thirteen in the caecum of orally infected chickens. The majority of these genes were assigned different functions in the immune response, however five of them (LOC101750351, K123, BU460569, MOBKL2C and G0S2) have not been associated with the response of chicken to Salmonella infection so far. K123 and G0S2 were the only 'non-immune' genes inducible by S. Enteritidis in fibroblasts, HD11 macrophages and in the caecum after oral infection. The function of K123 is unknown but G0S2 is involved in lipid metabolism and in β-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria
The genomic architecture of resistance to Campylobacter jejuni intestinal colonisation in chickens
Campylobacter is the leading cause of foodborne diarrhoeal illness in humans and is mostly acquired from consumption or handling of contaminated poultry meat. In the absence of effective licensed vaccines and inhibitors, selection for chickens with increased resistance to Campylobacter could potentially reduce its subsequent entry into the food chain. Campylobacter intestinal colonisation levels are influenced by the host genetics of the chicken. In the present study, two chicken populations were used to investigate the genetic architecture of avian resistance to colonisation: (i) a back-cross of two White Leghorn derived inbred lines [(61 x N) x N] known to differ in resistance to Campylobacter colonisation and (ii) a 9th generation advanced intercross (61 x N) line
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Not AvailableNative chickens are the mainstay of backyard or free range systems of farming in India. They contributed about 11.5% to the total egg production ofthe country in the year 2019. Over the years their contribution to the total egg production is declining. Furthermore, they were neglected due to theirlow production potential and given least importance in the past. However, in recent years native chickens are gaining importance due to increasingdemand for their meat and eggs. Consumers are willing to pay higher price for meat and eggs of native chickens due to their perceived healthbenefits. A total of 19 breeds were recognized and registered as native chicken breeds at breed registry (ICAR-NBAGR). They are known to behardy, able to thrive under adverse climatic conditions and also reported to be resistant to bacterial and parasitic diseases. Studies on some of thesenative breeds carried out at intensive system indicated that there is high genetic diversity and they possess unique characteristics which are lacking inthe improved or commercial chickens. In this paper the status of native chicken production with respect to characterization for growth and productiontraits, immune competence/ disease resistance carcass and meat quality traits, nutrient requirements and improvement studies and challenges to thenative chicken production in the country are discussed. Authors believe this information could be useful for characterization and improvement of theperformance of native chicken breeds in India and other developing countries.Not Availabl
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Not AvailableSince it is a popular article no abstract is avilableNot Availabl
Recent advances in broiler chicken nutrition
Not AvailableSince it is a book chapter no abstract is availableNot Availabl
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Not AvailableEgg quality traits were measured at 32, 40, 52, 64 and 72 wks of age
in a 3 way cross (PD1 x IWI x PD3) utilizing 20 to 30 eggs at different
ages. Egg weight, colour index, albumen and yolk index, Haugh unit, shell
thickness, shell % and albumen % differ significantly (p≤0.05) at different
age of measurements. Egg weight increases linearly upto 52 wks of age and
then it remain stable. Colour index significantly lower during beginning
and at later ages the index was higher. Shell thickness was highest during
52 wks of age but at other ages it remains non significant. Yolk index
significantly decreased at 72 wks of age compared to other ages of
measurements. Albumen index decreases as the age of measurements
increases. Haugh unit was significantly low at 72 wks of age compared to
64 and 40 wks of age. Yolk % increases as the age advances but it was
statistically non-significant, whereas albumen % decreased significantly at
52, 64 and 72 wks of age compared to 32 wks of age. Shell % increases as
the age advances. The results indicates that the age of the birds significantly
affect different parameters of egg quality and as the age advances, at the
end of cycle most of the quality parameters decreased in magnitude and the
yolk content increases compared to the albumen content.Not Availabl
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