Approaches in Sustainable, Biobased Multilayer Packaging Solutions

The depletion of fossil resources and the growing demand for plastic waste reduction has put industries and academic researchers under pressure to develop increasingly sustainable packaging solutions that are both functional and circularly designed. In this review, we provide an overview of the fundamentals and recent advances in biobased packaging materials, including new materials and techniques for their modification as well as their end-of-life scenarios. We also discuss the composition and modification of biobased films and multilayer structures, with particular attention to readily available drop-in solutions, as well as coating techniques. Moreover, we discuss end-of-life factors, including sorting systems, detection methods, composting options, and recycling and upcycling possibilities. Finally, regulatory aspects are pointed out for each application scenario and end-of-life option. Moreover, we discuss the human factor in terms of consumer perception and acceptance of upcycling

Calorimetric studies of Cu–Li, Li–Sn, and Cu–Li–Sn

AbstractIntegral molar enthalpies of mixing were determined by drop calorimetry for Cu–Li–Sn at 1073K along five sections xCu/xSn≈1:1, xCu/xSn≈2:3, xCu/xSn≈1:4, xLi/xSn≈1:1, and xLi/xSn≈1:4. The integral and partial molar mixing enthalpies of Cu–Li and Li–Sn were measured at the same temperature, for Li–Sn in addition at 773K. All binary data could be described by Redlich–Kister-polynomials. Cu–Li shows an endothermic mixing effect with a maximum in the integral molar mixing enthalpy of ∼5300J·mol−1 at xCu=0.5, Li–Sn an exothermic minimum of ∼ −37,000J·mol−1 at xSn∼0.2. For Li–Sn no significant temperature dependence between 773K and 1073K could be deduced. Our measured ternary data were fitted on the basis of an extended Redlich–Kister–Muggianu model for substitutional solutions. Additionally, a comparison of these results to the extrapolation model of Chou is given

The CueSn phase diagram, Part I: New experimental results

a b s t r a c t Phase diagram investigation of the CueSn system was carried out on twenty Cu-rich samples by thermal analysis (DTA), metallographic methods (EPMA/SEM-EDX) and crystallographic analysis (powder XRD, high temperature powder XRD). One main issue in this work was to investigate the high temperature phases beta (W-type) and gamma (BiF 3 -type) and to check the phase relations between them. In the high temperature powder XRD experiments the presence of the two-phase-field between the beta-and the gamma-phase could not be confirmed. Detailed study of primary literature together with our experimental results leads to a new phase diagram version with a higher order transformation between these two high temperature phases. The present work is designated as part I of our joint publication. The new findings described here have been included into a completely new thermodynamic assessment of the CueSn phase diagram which is presented in part II

Experimental Thermodynamics of the Li-Sn System by Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry

The vapourization of five liquid binary Li–Sn alloys (xLi = 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4 and 0.5) and three solid binary Li–Sn alloys (xLi = 0.71; 0.76 and 0.81) was investigated in the temperature range from 648 K to 1014 K by Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry (KEMS). It is the first time that an intensive KEMS investigation was carried out for a wide composition range of this binary system. From the obtained temperature dependence of the thermodynamic activities, thermodynamic properties, such as mixing enthalpies and entropies, were calculated. In addition, sublimation enthalpies for pure lithium, recalculated to 0 K by the enthalpy increment functions of Li(c) and Li(g), demonstrated the stability and accuracy of the experimental setup. The obtained thermodynamic data agree with the corresponding literature data, thus showing the feasibility of this method for determining the thermodynamic data of lithium-ion battery materials

Experimental Thermodynamic Study of the Cu-Li-Sn System by Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry

Thermodynamic data of seven Cu-Li-Sn alloys were determined by the Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry (KEMS) for the solid, solid-liquid or liquid region. Thermodynamic activities of components, enthalpies and entropies of mixing were calculated in the temperature range of 623–933 K. The intermetallic phases Cu6Li3Sn4(s), CuLi2Sn2(s), and CuLi3Sn(s) have been described in literature quite recently. These phases were observed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements after sample preparation. The thermodynamic data obtained by KEMS and the crystallographic data will enhance the available information for calculating the phase diagram for the ternary Cu-Li-Sn system by CALPHAD approach