Climatic factors interference with the occurrence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in cultivated soil

Description of method and recommendation of laboratory and field procedures for the isolation of soil borne entomopathogenic fungi (specifically Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae) is presented. Baiting technique method was used for screening of occurrence of indigenous populations of entomopathogenic fungi. Totally, 2068 alive greater wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella L.) were used to trap entomopathogenic fungi present in the soil. Site selected was the experimental farm of Assiut University; only 105 larvae were infected by entomopathogenic fungi representing 5.08% mortality. B. bassiana caused 85.71% of the mortality  represented by 90 isolates. M. anisopliae caused 14.29% of the mortality giving only 15 isolates of M. anisopliae. Data showed that B. bassiana seems to be the most economically important entomopathogenic fungi inhabiting soil cultivated with wheat and cotton plants. The highest number of the isolates was recorded during spring and autumn seasons. The relationship between the incidence of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae and the selected weather factors was statistically analyzed using multiple regression analysis.Key words: Entomopathogenic fungi, Galleria mellonella, baiting technique, soil

A Preliminary record of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) viullemin as endophyte in Egypt

Abstract The present study was conducted to survey and isolate entomopathogenic fungi as endophyte from wheat and tomato plants in Assiut, Upper Egypt. Two species of agricultural economic plants (wheat and tomato) were freshly collected two times / month. These plants were wheat and tomato. Plants with no visible symptoms of disease were carefully selected after physical examination. In the present study 30 samples (6 from wheat and 24 from tomato) were surveyed for entophytic fungi. Leaves, shoots, and roots of the two plants were examined. Thirty-three fungal species which belong to 17 genera were isolated as endophytes of the two plants. Beauveria bassiana was successfully isolated from the leaves of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Moreover, the pathogenicity of this isolate was assayed as endophyte on tomato and wheat plants. Also, the isolate of B. bassiana was assessed against the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L

Antioksidativni učinci N-acetilcisteina, lipoične kiseline, taurina i kurkumina u mišićnom tkivu šarana (Cyprinus carpio L.) tretiranih kadmijem

We investigated the muscle tissue of a teleost Cyprinus carpio L. to find out whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC), alpha-lipoic acid (LA), taurine (TAU), and curcumin (CUR) were able to counteract oxidative stress induced by acute exposure to cadmium (Cd). The muscle tissue was dissected 96 h after a single intraperitoneal injection of Cd (5 mg kg-1) and of antioxidant substances (50 mg kg-1). Using spectrophotometry, we determined the glutathione redox status, lipid peroxidation levels and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione disulphide reductase (GR). Accumulation of Cd in the muscle was analysed using inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). All substances lowered Cd levels in the following order of effi ciency; LA=NAC>TAU=CUR. Cadmium increased SOD activity, but CAT activity declined, regardless of antioxidant treatment. Treatment with CUR induced GPx activity. Treatment with TAU lowered Cd due to higher total glutathione (tGSH). The most effective substances on lipid peroxidation were LA and NAC due to a greater Cd-lowering potential. It seems that the protective role of TAU, LA, and NAC is not necessarily associated with antioxidant enzymes, but rather with their own activity.Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi mogu li N-acetilcistein (NAC), α-lipoična kiselina (LA), taurin (TAU) i kurkumin (CUR) svojim antioksidativnim djelovanjem smanjiti razinu oksidativnog stresa u mišićnom tkivu šarana (Cyprinus carpio L.) akutno otrovanih kadmijem. Uzorci mišićnog tkiva skupljeni su 96 h nakon što su ribama intraperitonealno injicirani kadmij (5 mg kg-1) i ispitivani antioksidansi (50 mg kg-1). Primjenom spektrofotometrijskih metoda izmjereni su redoks status glutationa, razine lipidne peroksidacije te aktivnosti enzima superoksid dismutaze (SOD), katalaze (CAT), glutation peroksidaze (GPx) i glutation disulfi d reduktaze (GR). Maseni udio kadmija u mišićnom tkivu izmjeren je s pomoću metode induktivno spregnute plazme – optičke emisijske spektrometrije (ICP-OES). Ispitivani spojevi smanjili su nakupljanje kadmija u tkivu šarana sljedećim redoslijedom: LA=NAC>TAU=CUR. Tretman šarana kadmijem izazvao je porast aktivnosti SOD, ali se aktivnost CAT smanjila bez obzira na primjenu antioksidativnih spojeva. Dodatak CUR pojačao je aktivnost GPx. Dodatak TAU povećao je razinu ukupnoga glutationa te smanjio nakupljanje kadmija. Svi spojevi osim CUR smanjili su razinu lipidne peroksidacije te pretpostavljamo da su LA i NAC pridonijeli detoksifi kaciji kadmija. Rezultati istraživanja upućuju na to da testirani spojevi, osim CUR, imaju antioksidativni učina

Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptotic Changes in the Testis of Freshwater Crab, Sinopotamon henanense

Cadmium (Cd), one of the most toxic environmental and industrial pollutants, is known to exert gonadotoxic and spermiotoxic effects. In the present study, we examined the toxic effect of Cd on the testis of freshwater crab, Sinopotamon henanense. Crabs were exposed to different Cd concentrations (from 0 to 116.00 mg·L−1) for 7 d. Oxidative stress and apoptotic changes in the testes were detected. The activities of SOD, GPx and CAT initially increased and subsequently decreased with increasing Cd concentrations, which was accompanied with the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 content in a concentration-dependent manner. Typical morphological characteristic and physiological changes of apoptosis were observed using a variety of methods (HE staining, AO/EB double fluorescent staining, Transmission Electron Microscope observation and DNA fragmentation analysis), and the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were increased in a concentration-dependent manner after Cd exposure. These results led to the conclusion that Cd could induced oxidative damage as well as apoptosis in the testis, and the apoptotic processes may be mediated via mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway by regulating the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9

Dual alpha2C/5HT1A receptor agonist allyphenyline induces gastroprotection and inhibits fundic and colonic contractility

Allyphenyline, a novel α2-adrenoceptor (AR) ligand, has been shown to selectively activate α2C-adrenoceptors (AR) and 5HT1A receptors, but also to behave as a neutral antagonist of α2A-ARs. We exploited this unique pharmacological profile to analyze the role of α2C-ARs and 5HT1A receptors in the regulation of gastric mucosal integrity and gastrointestinal motility

الفلورا الفطرية وسموم الفطريات لبذور الفول السوداني في مصر 2 - انتاج السموم الفطرية بواسطة الفطريات المحبة أو المتحملة للحرارة

Twelve species and one variety which belong to 6 genera were identified from 40 peanut seed samples using a dilution—plate method on 1% glucose—Czapek's medium at 4S°C. Aspergillus (6 species and 1 variety) followed by Mucor (1 species) were the most frequent genera. From the preceding genera, A. fumigatus was extremely dominant, followed by Mucor pusillus, A. niger, A. ten-ens and A. nidulans. Fifty—four isolates belonging to the previous species were screened for the production of mycotoxins at 28 and 45°C. Thin layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis revealed that 7 isolates belonging to A. flaws, A. nidulans and A. versicolor produced aflatoxins B] and B^, sterigmatocystin and versicolorin A, respectively at 28°C but none of the isolates tested produced any detectable amount of mycotoxins when grown at 43°C.تم عزل اثنى عشر نوعا وسلالة واحدة تنتمي إلى ستة أجناس فطرية من أربعين عينة لبذور الفول السوداني والتي جمعت من مناطق مختلفة بجمهورية مصر العربية وذلك باستخدام طريقة التخفيف والوسط الغذائي شبكس 1% - جلوكوز عند درجة حرارة 45م . ثبت أن الأسبيرجيللس والميوكر كانت أكثر الأجناس الفطرية انتشارا بينما كانت أسبيرجيللس فيوميجاتس ، ميوكر بيسلس ، أسبيرجيللس نيجر ، أسبير جيللس تيريس وأسمبيرجيللس .نيديولنس أكثر الأنواع الفطرية شيوعا . درست مقدرة أربعة وخمسون معزولة تنتمي إلى الفطريات السابقة على إنتاج السموم الفطرية وذلك بتنمية المعزولات عند درجتي حرارة مختلفة وهي 28 م ، 45م وقد أظهر التحليل الكروماتوجرافي مقدره سبعة معزولات تنتمي لفطرة أسبيرجيللس فلافس ، أسبيرجللس نيديولنس وأسبيرجيللس فيرسيكولر على إفراز سموم الأفلا توكسينات B1+B2 والأستيرجماتوسيستين والفيرسيكلورين A على التوالي بينما أظهر التحليل الكروماتوجرافي عدم مقدرة المعزولات المختبرة على إنتاج السموم الفطرية عند تنميتها عند درجة حرازة45 م

الفلورا الفطرية وسموم الفطريات لبذور عباد الشمس في مصر

Eighteen genera and sixty-three species, in addition to three varieties were isolated from thirty six samples of sunflower seeds collected from different places in Egypt. Aspergillus and Penicillium followed by Rhizopus and Fusarium were the most frequent genera. A. niger, A. flaws, A. jumigatus, A. terreus and P. chrysogenum were the most common species. Samples 11,4 and 8 of 36 sunflower samples were of high, moderate and low toxicity, respectively, to brine shrimp larvae and were naturally contaminated with aflatoxins (B i, 87, G i and G^ ), sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol.تم في هذا البحث عزل وتعريف 63 نوعا تنتمي إلى 18جنسا من الفطريات من 36 عينة من بذور عباد الشمس جمعت من المناطق المختلفة بجمهورية مصر العربية ، وذلك باستخدام طريقة التخفيف والوسط الغذائي شابكس المحتوي على 1% جلوكوز. كانت أكثر الأجناس سيادة هي اسبرجيلس ، بنسيليوم ، ريزوبس وفيوزاريم ، كانت أكثر الأنواع انتشارا اسبرجيلس نيجر ، اسبرجيلس فلافس ، اسبرجيلس فيوميجاتس ، اسبرجيلس تيريس وبنسيليوم كريزوجينم . درست سمية مستخلص العينات المختبرة بالاستعانة بيرقات قشريات الملاحات رخوية الهيكل ( ارتيميا ساليني ) وهي شديدة الحساسية للتركيزات الضئيلة من سموم الفطريات ، وقد تم الترف على السموم المتواجدة بطرق التحليل الكروماتوجرافي باستخدام رقائق السيلكا وعديد من المذيبات والكواشف اللونية وقد ثبت أن مستخلص 11 عينة عالية السمية ، 4 متوسطة السمية و 8 قليلة السمية ، كما أظهر التحليل تلوث العينات ببعض السموم الفطرية منها الافلاتوكسينات ،B1,B2,G1&G2 الاسترجماتوسيستين ، اوكراتوكسين A ، الزيرالينون ، سم T-2--+ ثنائي استيكوسي سكرابينول

الفلورا الفطرية وسموم الفطريات اللحم البقري المحفوظ

Sixty species and 5 varieties belonging to 21 genera of fungi were collected from 20 corned beef samples . The average total counts of fungi ranged from 56 -236,47-275 and 39-202 colonies /g on glucose - 10% NAC1 - glucose - and 15% NAC1 - glucose - Czapek's agar media , respectively . Aspergillus niger, A. flavus , and Pencillium chrysogenum were the most common species on the three tested media . A. fumigatus and A. sydowii were common on glucose -Czapek's medium only while A. speluneus and Eurotium cheveliere were common on the media fortified by NAC1. Ochratoxine A was detected in 15% of the samples at concentrations ranged between 58 and 195 mg/kg . zea-ralenol (330 & 425 mg/kg ) was recorded in two samples only of all the tested samples . All the fifteen -mycotoxine free-corned beef samples tested proved to be susceptible to aflatoxine accumulation when inocubated at 28 C for 10 days . However, only 10 samples proved to be contaminated by aflatoxine when the infected samples refrigrated at 10 C for 30 days .أمكن في هذا البحث عزل 60 نوعاً بالإضافة إلى 5 أصناف تنتمي إلى 21 جنساً فطرياً وذلك من 20 عينة من اللحم البقري المحفوظ (البولبيف ) والتي جمعت من أماكن مختلفة بجمهورية مصر العربية . كان متوسط التعداد الكلي للفطريات يّتراوح ما بين 56 - 236 ، 47 – 275و 93 - 2 0 2 مستعمرة فطرية لكل جرام واحد بولبيف على الأوساط الغذائية تشابكس اجار ، تشابكي اجار المزود بتركيز5 ا% كلوريد الصوديوم على التوالي . وكان الاسبرجيلس نيجر ، الاسبرسجيلس فلافس والبنسليوم كريزوجيم اكثر الأنواع الفطرية شيوعا على الأوساط الغذائية الثلاثة . هذا وقت ثبت تلوث 5ا% من العينات المختبرة بسموم اوكراتوكسين (A ) بتركيز يتراوح ما بين 58 - 195 ميكروجرام لكل كيلوجرام بينما وجد الزيرالينون بتركيز يتراوح ما بين 335 - 425 ميكروجرام لكل كيلوجرام بولبيف بمستخلص عينتين فقط من كل العينات المختبرة . وفي محاولة لإنتاج سموم الافلاتوكسين معملياً على العينات الخمسة عشر الخالية من السموم الفطرية طبيعيا وجد ان جميعا قابلة للإصابة بالفطر وانتاج السم وذلك عند التحضين عند 28 درجة مئوية عشر عينات فقط انتج عليها السم عند ائتحضين عند 10 درجة مئوية