Designed-in security for cyber-physical systems

An expert from academia, one from a cyber-physical system (CPS) provider, and one from an end asset owner and user offer their different perspectives on the meaning and challenges of 'designed-in security.' The academic highlights foundational issues and talks about emerging technology that can help us design and implement secure software in CPSs. The vendor's view includes components of the academic view but emphasizes the secure system development process and the standards that the system must satisfy. The user issues a call to action and offers ideas that will ensure progress

Ideal operators and relative Godun sets

In this paper we study ideals in Banach spaces through ideal operators. We provide characterisation of recently introduced notion of almost isometric ideal which is a version of Principle of Local Reexivity for a subspace of a Banach space. Studying ideals through ideal operators give us better insight in to the properties of these subspaces vis-a-vis properties of the space itself. We provide a few applications of our characterisation theorem.The National Board for Higher Mathematics (NBHM) of India. (No.2/40(2)/2014/R&D-II/6252).peerReviewe

Energetic ion dynamics in Jupiter's plasma sheet

A systematic study of energetic ion trajectories in Jupiter's plasma sheet region predicts a significant role for both regular and stochastic types of motion and reveals several aspects of the ion dynamics that aid in the interpretation of Galileo observations. The motion is generally confined to the vicinity of the current sheet in a way that is proportional to the variable current sheet thickness as seen in the particle and field data. The radial extent of the trajectories increases with rigidity and initial radial distance from the planet, explaining the corresponding lack of high-rigidity ions and decreasing radial gradients at lower rigidity. Ion intensity increases associated with changes in current sheet thickness suggest an acceleration region at ∼25 to 30 R_J. Energy dispersion in ion events at larger radial distances can be explained by such a source combined with elastic ion scattering

Floral induction in a photoperiodically insensitive duckweed, Lemna paucicostata LP6

The effects of 20 amino acids and two amides were studied on the flowering of a photoperiodically insensitive duckweed, Lemna paucicostata LP6. Alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cystine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, lysine, methionine, proline, serine, and threonine induced flowering under a photoperiodic regime of 16 hours light and 8 hours darkness. Among these, glutamate and aspartate were found to be the most effective for flower induction. These acids could initiate flowering even at 5×10-7 molar level, though maximal flowering (about 80%) was obtained at 10-5 molar. Change in the photoperiodic schedule or the pH of the nutrient medium did not influence glutamate- or aspartate-induced flowering. The low concentrations at which glutamate and aspartate are effective suggests that they may have a regulatory role rather than simply acting as metabolites

Phytochrome modulation of calcium fluxes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) protoplasts

Employing the metallochromic dye murexide and by monitoring the uptake of radiolabelled calcium, photoreversible calcium fluxes were measured in wheat leaf protoplast suspensions. Results obtained by both methods were identical - red light promoted and subsequent far-red irradiation reversed an influx of Ca++ ions into the protoplasts. These findings imply phytochrome regulation of Ca++ fluxes across the plasma membrane. The influx of Ca++ stimulated by 2 min red irradiation could be maintained in total darkness for the initial 16-18 min after illumination, after which a 6-8 min efflux process was triggered and the basal Ca++ level restored. Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, inhibited the red-promoted influx, whereas the far-red mediated efflux could be checked by the use of the ATPase inhibitor vanadate, and also by the calmodulin antagonist chlorpromazine, thus suggesting a role of ion channels and pumps in phytochrome-controlled Ca++ fluxes. The possible involvement of phosphoinositides in phytochrome-modulated calcium fluxes was also investigated

A quantitative version of Krein's theorems for Fréchet spaces

For a Banach space E and its bidual space E'', the function k(H) defined on bounded subsets H of E measures how far H is from being &#963;(E,E')-relatively compact in E. This concept, introduced independently by Granero, and Cascales et al., has been used to study a quantitative version of Krein¿s theorem for Banach spaces E and spaces Cp(K) over compact K. In the present paper, a quantitative version of Krein¿s theorem on convex envelopes coH of weakly compact sets H is proved for Fréchet spaces, i.e. metrizable and complete locally convex spaces. For a Fréchet space E, the above function k(H) has been defined in thisi paper by menas of d(h,E) is the natural distance of h to E in the bidual E''. The main result of the paper is the following theorem: For a bounded set H in a Fréchet space E, the following inequality holds k(coH) < (2^(n+1) &#8722; 2)k(H) + 1/2^n for all n &#8712; N. Consequently, this yields also the following formula k(coH) &#8804; (k(H))^(1/2))(3-2(k(H)^(1/2))). Hence coH is weakly relatively compact provided H is weakly relatively compact in E. This extends a quantitative version of Krein¿s theorem for Banach spaces (obtained by Fabian, Hajek, Montesinos, Zizler, Cascales, Marciszewski, and Raja) to the class of Fréchet spaces. We also define and discuss two other measures of weak non-compactness lk(H) and k'(H) for a Fréchet space and provide two quantitative versions of Krein¿s theorem for both functions.The research was supported for C. Angosto by the project MTM2008-05396 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, for J. Kakol by National Center of Science, Poland, Grant No. N N201 605340, and for M. Lopez-Pellicer by the project MTM2010-12374-E (complementary action) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.Angosto Hernández, C.; Kakol, J.; Kubzdela, A.; López Pellicer, M. (2013). A quantitative version of Krein's theorems for Fréchet spaces. Archiv der Mathematik. 101(1):65-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00013-013-0513-4S65771011Angosto C., Cascales B.: Measures of weak noncompactness in Banach spaces. Topology Appl. 156, 1412–1421 (2009)C. Angosto, Distance to spaces of functions, PhD thesis, Universidad de Murcia (2007).C. Angosto and B. Cascales, A new look at compactness via distances to functions spaces, World Sc. Pub. Co. (2008).Angosto C., Cascales B.: The quantitative difference between countable compactness and compactness. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 343, 479–491 (2008)Angosto C., Cascales B., Namioka I.: Distances to spaces of Baire one functions. Math. Z. 263, 103–124 (2009)C. Angosto, J. Ka̧kol, and M. López-Pellicer, A quantitative approach to weak compactness in Fréchet spaces and spaces C(X), J. Math. Anal. Appl. 403 (2013), 13–22.Cascales B., Marciszesky W., Raja M.: Distance to spaces of continuous functions. Topology Appl. 153, 2303–2319 (2006)M. Fabian et al. Functional Analysis and Infinite-dimensional geometry, CMS Books in Mathematics, Canadian Math. Soc., Springer (2001).M. Fabian et al. A quantitative version of Krein’s theorem, Rev. Mat. Iberoam. 21 (2005), 237–248Granero A. S.: An extension of the Krein-Smulian Theorem. Rev. Mat. Iberoam. 22, 93–110 (2006)Granero A. S., Hájek P., Montesinos V.: Santalucía, Convexity and ω*-compactness in Banach spaces. Math. Ann. 328, 625–631 (2004)Grothendieck A.: Criteres de compacité dans les spaces fonctionnelles généraux. Amer. J. Math. 74, 168–186 (1952)Khurana S. S.: Weakly compactly generated Fréchet spaces. Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 2, 721–724 (1979

New Insights into the Lactate Shuttle: Role of MCT4 in the Modulation of the Exercise Capacity.

Lactate produced by muscle during high-intensity activity is an important end product of glycolysis that supports whole body metabolism. The lactate shuttle model suggested that lactate produced by glycolytic muscle fibers is utilized by oxidative fibers. MCT4 is a proton coupled monocarboxylate transporter preferentially expressed in glycolytic muscle fibers and facilitates the lactate efflux. Here we investigated the exercise capacity of mice with disrupted lactate shuttle due to global deletion of MCT4 (MCT4−/−) or muscle-specific deletion of the accessory protein Basigin (iMSBsg−/−). Although MCT4−/− and iMSBsg−/− mice have normal muscle morphology and contractility, only MCT4−/− mice exhibit an exercise intolerant phenotype. In vivo measurements of compound muscle action potentials showed a decrement in the evoked response in the MCT4−/− mice. This was accompanied by a significant structural degeneration of the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). We propose that disruption of the lactate shuttle impacts motor function and destabilizes the motor unit

Human TOP1 residues implicated in species specificity of HIV-1 infection are required for interaction with BTBD2, and RNAi of BTBD2 in old world monkey and human cells increases permissiveness to HIV-1 infection

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Host determinants of HIV-1 viral tropism include factors from producer cells that affect the efficiency of productive infection and factors in target cells that block infection after viral entry. TRIM5α restricts HIV-1 infection at an early post-entry step through a mechanism associated with rapid disassembly of the retroviral capsid. Topoisomerase I (TOP1) appears to play a role in HIV-1 viral tropism by incorporating into or otherwise modulating virions affecting the efficiency of a post-entry step, as the expression of human TOP1 in African Green Monkey (AGM) virion-producing cells increased the infectivity of progeny virions by five-fold. This infectivity enhancement required human TOP1 residues 236 and 237 as their replacement with the AGM counterpart residues abolished the infectivity enhancement. Our previous studies showed that TOP1 interacts with BTBD1 and BTBD2, two proteins which co-localize with the TRIM5α splice variant TRIM5δ in cytoplasmic bodies. Because BTBD1 and BTBD2 interact with one HIV-1 viral tropism factor, TOP1, and co-localize with a splice variant of another, we investigated the potential involvement of BTBD1 and BTBD2 in HIV-1 restriction.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We show that the interaction of BTBD1 and BTBD2 with TOP1 requires <it>hu</it>-TOP1 residues 236 and 237, the same residues required to enhance the infectivity of progeny virions when <it>hu</it>-TOP1 is expressed in AGM producer cells. Additionally, interference with the expression of BTBD2 in AGM and human 293T target cells increased their permissiveness to HIV-1 infection two- to three-fold.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These results do not exclude the possibility that BTBD2 may modestly restrict HIV-1 infection via colocation with TRIM5 variants in cytoplasmic bodies.</p