Restricted daytime feeding attenuates reentrainment of the circadian melatonin rhythm after an 8-h phase advance of the light_dark cycle

It is well established that in the absence of photic cues, the circadian rhythms of rodents can be readily phase-shifted and entrained by various nonphotic stimuli that induce increased levels of locomotor activity (i.e., benzodiazepines, a new running wheel, and limited food access). In the presence of an entraining light-dark (LD) cycle, however, the entraining effects of nonphotic stimuli on (parts of) the circadian oscillator are far less clear. Yet, an interesting finding is that appropriately timed exercise after a phase shift can accelerate the entrainment of circadian rhythms to the new LD cycle in both rodents and humans. The present study investigated whether restricted daytime feeding (RF) (1) induces a phase shift of the melatonin rhythm under entrained LD conditions and (2) accelerates resynchronization of circadian rhythms after an 8-h phase advance. Animals were adapted to RF with 2-h food access at the projected time of the new dark onset. Before and at several time points after the 8-h phase advance, nocturnal melatonin profiles were measured in RF animals and animals on ad libitum feeding (AL). In LD-entrained conditions, RF did not cause any significant changes in the nocturnal melatonin profile as compared to AL. Unexpectedly, after the 8-h phase advance, RF animals resynchronized more slowly to the new LD cycle than AL animals. These results indicate that prior entrainment to a nonphotic stimulus such as RF may "phase lock" the circadian oscillator and in that way hinder resynchronization after a phase shif

Potentiation effect of vasopressin on melatonin secretion as determined by trans_pineal microdialysis in the Rat

The mammalian pineal gland is known to receive a noradrenergic innervation originating from the superior cervical ganglion which corresponds to the primary regulatory input for melatonin synthesis. However, many peptidergic fibers containing peptides such as vasopressin and oxytocin have also been found in the rat pineal gland. The present study was performed to investigate the possible role of vasopressin and oxytocin on melatonin secretion in vivo. Therefore, both neuropeptides were delivered for 2 h through a trans-pineal microdialysis probe directly into the gland at different times during the nocturnal phase of the light:dark cycle. At the same time pineal dialysates were collected continuously. Melatonin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Melatonin synthesis potentiation was achieved when vasopressin was infused locally in the pineal, during the onset of nocturnal melatonin secretion. In order to assess the possible role of a physiological increase of endogenous circulating vasopressin on pineal metabolism, melatonin synthesis was recorded in the same animals before and after a prolonged dehydration period. Night time melatonin concentration was increased after the water deprivation vs control conditions. Contrary to that, oxytocin seems not to affect pineal metabolism in the rat since no significant change was observed on melatonin secretion in response to a local oxytocin infusion. These results show that vasopressin can modulate melatonin synthesis in the rat pineal whereas no effect was obtained with oxytocin, at least under the present experimental condition

Alzheimer's disease proteins in cerebellar and hippocampal synapses during postnatal development and aging of the rat.

Alzheimer's dementia may be considered a synaptic disease of central neurons: the loss of synapses, reflected by early cognitive impairments, precedes the appearance of extra cellular focal deposits of beta-amyloid peptide in the brain of patients. Distinct immunocytochemical patterns of amyloid precursor proteins (APPs) have previously been demonstrated in the synapses by ultrastructural analysis in the cerebellum and hippocampus of adult rats and mice. Now we show that during postnatal development and during aging in these structures, the immunocytochemical expression of APPs increases in the synapses in parallel with the known up-regulation of total APPs brain levels. Interestingly, as shown previously in the adult rodents, the presenilins (PSs) 1 and 2, which intervene in APPs metabolism, exhibit a synaptic distribution pattern similar to that of APPs with parallel quantitative changes throughout life. In the brain tissue, single and double immunocytochemistry at the ultrastructural level shows co-localisation of APPs and PSs in axonal and dendritic synaptic compartments during postnatal synaptogenesis, adulthood and aging. In addition, double-labelling immunocytofluorescence detects these proteins close to synaptophysin at the growth cones of developing cultured neurons. Thusly, the brain expression of APPs and PSs appears to be regulated synchronously during lifespan in the synaptic compartments where the proteins are colocated. This suggests that PS-dependent processing of important synaptic proteins such as APPs could intervene in age-induced adjustments of synaptic relationships between specific types of neurons

Interindividual differences in the pattern of melatonin secretion of the Wistar rat

In vivo trans-pineal microdialysis was performed in male Wistar rats maintained under a 12 hr light:12 hr dark (LD 12:12) cycle. Collected dialysates were assayed by radioimmunoassay for melatonin concentrations. A non-linear regression was fitted through the obtained datapoints to determine the time points at which a 50% increase (IT50) and decrease (DT50) of the nocturnal melatonin peak were reached. In a first experiment, the nocturnal melatonin profiles of four animals were determined throughout 5 consecutive days. In a second experiment, we analysed the melatonin profiles during the night in rats originating from three different breeding colonies (Dépré Harlan, and Iffa-Cŕedo). A low intraindividual variability was found on the phase markers IT50 and DT50, as on peak duration of melatonin rhythms estimated over 5 subsequent days in the same animal. In contrast, animals showed a large interindividual variability in their profile phase markers and the values were dependent on the origin of the breeding colony. Each rat colony was characterized by early or late IT50 and DT50 as long or short peak length. It is concluded from experiment 1 that the melatonin rhythm is a very stable circadian marker. Nevertheless, great caution must be taken in the choice of animal groups while studying circadian rhythms due to the large interindividual variability observed in experiment 2. Therefore, as the technique allows the use of the animal as its own control, the present study demonstrated that the use of the microdialysis technique is of interest in studies on the circadian syste