Speech Functions Used by Speakers in Allison L. Randall's Short Story “End of the Line”

. Conversation is a process of exchanging two variables, there are speech role and commodity exchange, the combination between them is called speech function. This thesis is entitled “Speech Function Used by All Speaker In Allison L. Randall‘s Short Story End of The Line”. This study aims at describing the kinds of speech function and interpersonal role created by all speakers in Allison L. Randall's short story “End of The Line”. They are Liza, Frank, Noah Crawford, Postmaster, Zedekiah Smith and Caleb. This study used qualitative research method. Qualitative research method was used to collect and analyze data that cannot be represented by number. Descriptive research was used in the literal sense of describing situation and event. The result of this study shows that there are 10 kinds of speech functions produced by all characters (Liza, Frank, Noah Crawford, Postmaster, Zedekiah Smith and Caleb). They are 11 statements, 8 commands, 5 offers, 7 questions, 2 acknowledgements, 3 contradictions, 2 acceptances, 2 rejections, 2 answers, and 2 disclaimers. The highest speech function is ‘command' produced by Liza because she demands the bank robber to release her from the captive. She also produced highest speech function ‘question', because she is the main character. She is a talkative who wants to know everything. The highest speech function produced by Zedekiah Smith is ‘statement' because he is bank robber who comes back again to release Liza

Solar System Ephemerides, Pulsar Timing, Gravitational Waves, and Navigation

In-spiraling supermassive black holes should emit gravitational waves, which would produce characteristic distortions in the time of arrival residuals from millisecond pulsars. Multiple national and regional consortia have constructed pulsar timing arrays by precise timing of different sets of millisecond pulsars. An essential aspect of precision timing is the transfer of the times of arrival to a (quasi-)inertial frame, conventionally the solar system barycenter. The barycenter is determined from the knowledge of the planetary masses and orbits, which has been refined over the past 50 years by multiple spacecraft. Within the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav), uncertainties on the solar system barycenter are emerging as an important element of the NANOGrav noise budget. We describe what is known about the solar system barycenter, touch upon how uncertainties in it affect gravitational wave studies with pulsar timing arrays, and consider future trends in spacecraft navigation.Comment: Four pages, 3 figures; to appear in the proceedings of IAU Symposium 337: Pulsar Astrophysics - The Next 50 Years, eds. P. Weltevrede, B. B. P. Perera, L. Levin Preston & S. Sanidas; see also http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ and arXiv:1801.0261

Observation of Neutrons with a Gadolinium Doped Water Cerenkov Detector

Spontaneous and induced fission in Special Nuclear Material (SNM) such as 235U and 239Pu results in the emission of neutrons and high energy gamma-rays. The multiplicities of and time correlations between these particles are both powerful indicators of the presence of fissile material. Detectors sensitive to these signatures are consequently useful for nuclear material monitoring, search, and characterization. In this article, we demonstrate sensitivity to both high energy gamma-rays and neutrons with a water Cerenkov based detector. Electrons in the detector medium, scattered by gamma-ray interactions, are detected by their Cerenkov light emission. Sensitivity to neutrons is enhanced by the addition of a gadolinium compound to the water in low concentrations. Cerenkov light is similarly produced by an 8 MeV gamma-ray cascade following neutron capture on the gadolinium. The large solid angle coverage and high intrinsic efficiency of this detection approach can provide robust and low cost neutron and gamma-ray detection with a single device.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures. Submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods,

Pengaruh Perendaman Pupuk Organik Cair Dengan Dosis Yang Berbeda Terhadap Pertumbuhan Rumput Laut (Caulerpa Lentillifera)

Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP) menargetkan produksi rumput laut pada tahun 2015 sebesar 10,3 juta ton. Salah satu jenis rumput yang sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan yaitu Caulerpa lentillifera. Rumput laut ini banyak digemari masyarakat dalam negeri maupun luar negeri karena memiliki nilai ekonomis yang sangat penting yaitu sebagai bahan makanan segar dan bahan untuk obat-obatan. Namun produksi C. lentillifera sendiri belum dapat tercukupi karena bersifat musiman dan masih banyak mengandalkan hasil dari alam. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya upaya untuk meningkatkan produksi C. lentillifera dengan cara budidaya. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan C. lentillifera dalam budidaya adalah ketersediaan nutrien yang biasanya dapat diperoleh dari pemberian pupuk. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka dilakukan penelitian pengaruh perendaman pupuk organik cair dengan dosis yang berbeda dan dosis yang terbaik terhadap pertumbuhan C. lentillifera. Peneltian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dan 5 kali ulangan. Adapun perlakuan tersebut yaitu perlakuan A (0 mL), B (1,5 mL), C (2,5 mL) dan D (3,5 mL) dengan lama perendaman 6 jam. Data yang didapatkan selama penelitian yaitu laju pertumbuhan spesifik (SGR) dan kualitas air. Data dianalis dengan Anova dan dilakukan uji lanjut Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perendaman pupuk organik cair dengan dosis yang berbeda berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap laju pertumbuhan spesifik C. lentillifera. Perlakuan D (perendaman dosis 3,5 mL) memberikan hasil terbaik dari semua perlakuan dengan laju pertumbuhan spesifik sebesar 3.29±0.06%/hari. Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) targets 10,3 million tons seaweed production in 2015. One of potential seaweed to be developed is Caulerpa lentillifera. This type of seaweed is preferred by many people in Indonesia and the world because it has high economic value as fresh produce and for medicine. However, production is still insufficient because it is seasonal variety and its production still depends on natural harvest. Therefore, it is needed to increase C. lentillifera production by cultivation. One factor that affects C. lentillifera growth in the cultivation is the availability of nutrient. Therefore, a study on difficult dosage of liquid fertilizer throught immertion method is needed. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of different dosage of liquid fertilizer on the growth of C. lentillifera and to find out the proper dosage which can produce the best growth of C. lentillifera. This study was done experimentally with Completely Randomised Design. There were 4 treatments: A (0 mL), B (1,5 mL), C (2,5 mL) and D (3,5 mL) with time of immersion of 6 hours. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. The data collected were specific growth rate (SGR) and water quality parameter. Data was analyzed using collected were Anova and followed by Duncan's test. The result shows that different dosage of liquid organic fertilizer showed highly significantly effected the specific growth rate (SGR). Treatment D (dose of 3,5 mL) gives the best result compared with another treatments, with specific growth rate of 3.29±0.06%/day

The Highly Selective and Near-Quantitative Conversion of Glucose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Using Ionic Liquids

A number of ionic liquids have been shown to be excellent solvents for lignocellulosic biomass processing, and some of these are particularly effective in the production of the versatile chemical building block 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). In this study, the production of HMF from the simple sugar glucose in ionic liquid media is discussed. Several aspects of the selective catalytic formation of HMF from glucose have been elucidated using metal halide salts in two distinct ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate as well as mixtures of these, revealing key features for accelerating the desired reaction and suppressing byproduct formation. The choice of ionic liquid anion is revealed to be of particular importance, with low HMF yields in the case of hydrogen sulfate-based salts, which are reported to be effective for HMF production from fructose. The most successful system investigated in this study led to almost quantitative conversion of glucose to HMF (90% in only 30 minutes using 7 mol% catalyst loading at 120°C) in a system which is selective for the desired product, has low energy intensity and is environmentally benign

The rise of an ionized wind in the Narrow Line Seyfert 1 Galaxy Mrk 335 observed by XMM-Newton and HST

We present the discovery of an outflowing ionized wind in the Seyfert 1 Galaxy Mrk 335. Despite having been extensively observed by most of the largest X-ray observatories in the last decade, this bright source was not known to host warm absorber gas until recent XMM-Newton observations in combination with a long-term Swift monitoring program have shown extreme flux and spectral variability. High resolution spectra obtained by the XMM-Newton RGS detector reveal that the wind consists of three distinct ionization components, all outflowing at a velocity of 5000 km/s. This wind is clearly revealed when the source is observed at an intermediate flux state (2-5e-12 ergs cm^-2 s^-1). The analysis of multi-epoch RGS spectra allowed us to compare the absorber properties at three very different flux states of the source. No correlation between the warm absorber variability and the X-ray flux has been determined. The two higher ionization components of the gas may be consistent with photoionization equilibrium, but we can exclude this for the only ionization component that is consistently present in all flux states (log(xi)~1.8). We have included archival, non-simultaneous UV data from HST (FOS, STIS, COS) with the aim of searching for any signature of absorption in this source that so far was known for being absorption-free in the UV band. In the COS spectra obtained a few months after the X-ray observations we found broad absorption in CIV lines intrinsic to the AGN and blueshifted by a velocity roughly comparable to the X-ray outflow. The global behavior of the gas in both bands can be explained by variation of the covering factor and/or column density, possibly due to transverse motion of absorbing clouds moving out of the line of sight at Broad Line Region scale.Comment: 24 pages, 12 figures, ApJ accepte