Effect of clock gating in conditional pulse enhancement flip-flop for low power applications

Flip-Flops (FFs) play a fundamental role in digital designs. A clock system consumes above 25% of total system power. The use of pulse-triggered flip-flops (P-FFs) in digital design provides better performance than conventional flip-flop designs. This paper presents the design of a new power-efficient implicit pulse-triggered flip-flop suitable for low power applications. This flip-flop architecture is embedded with two key features. Firstly, the enhancement in width and height of triggering pulses during specific conditions gives a solution for the longest discharging path problem in existing P-FFs. Secondly, the clock gating concept reduces unwanted switching activities at sleep/idle mode of operation and thereby reducing dynamic power consumption. The post-layout simulation results in cadence software based on CMOS 90-nm technology shows that the proposed design features less power dissipation and better power delay performance (PDP) when compared with conventional P-FFs. Its maximum power saving against conventional designs is up to 30.65%

FOE NET: Segmentation of Fetal in Ultrasound Images Using V-NET

Ultrasound is a non-invasive method to diagnose and treat medical conditions. It is becoming increasingly popular to use portable ultrasound scanning devices to reduce patient wait times and make healthcare more convenient for patients. By using ultrasound imaging, you will be able to obtain images with better quality and also gain information about soft tissues. The interference caused by tissues reflected in ultrasound waves resulted in intensified speckle sound, complicating imaging. In this paper, a novel Foe-Net has been proposed for segmenting the fetal in ultrasound images. Initially, the input US images are noise removal phase using two different filters Adaptive Gaussian Filter (AGF) and Adaptive Bilateral Filter (ABF) used to reduce the noise artifacts. Then, the US images are enhanced using CLAHE and MSR for smoothing to enhance the image quality. Finally, the denoised images are input to the V-net is used to segment the fetal in the US images. The experimental outcomes of the proposed Multi-Scale Retinex (MSR) is an image enhancement technique that improves image quality by adjusting its illumination and enhancing details. Foe-Net was measured by specific parameters such as specificity, precision, and accuracy. The proposed Foe-Net achieves an overall accuracy of 99.48%, specificity of 98.56 %, and precision of 96.82 % for segmented fetal in ultrasound images. The proposed Foe-Net attains better pre-processing outcomes at low error rates and, high SNR, high PSNR, and high SSIM values

EEG-metric based mental stress detection

Mental stress level is a vital parameter affecting physical well-being, cognition, emotions, and professional efficiency. With growing adversities in modern living standards, causing abnormal mental stress, it is necessary to measure to cure it. Regular personal stress profile generated can be used as neurofeedback for the clinical as well as personal assessment. This paper describes a method to detect mental stress level based on physiological parameters. In this method, an electroencephalogram (EEG)-metric parameters based binary and ternary stress classifier is developed. This is validated through probabilistic stress profiler of differential stress inventory (a questionnaire based evaluation). Nine channel EEG is used to extract physiological signal. EEG-metric based cognitive state and workload outputs are generated for 41 healthy volunteers (37 males and 4 females, age; 24±5 years). All subjects were guided to perform three simple tasks of closed eye, focusing vision on a red dot on center of dark screen and focusing on a white screen. Central tendencies (mean, median and mode) and standard deviation were extracted of EEG-metric (sleep onset, distraction, low engagement, high engagement and cognitive states) as features. Either of the two or three classes of stress are evaluated from probabilistic stress profiler of differential stress inventory and used as training output classes. A supervisory training of multiple layer perceptron based binary support vector machine classifier was used to detect stress class one by one. 40 subject's samples were used for training and interchanging one-by one 41th subjects stress class is determined from the designed classifier. Out of 41 subjects, stress level of 30 subjects is correctly identified by binary classifier and stress level of 26 subjects is correctly identified by ternary classifier, using multi-layer perceptron kernel based SVM

MRI Kidney Tumor Image Classification with SMOTE Preprocessing and SIFT-tSNE Features using CNN

Kidney tumor detection is a challenging task due to the complexity of tumor characteristics and variability in imaging modalities. In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based approach for detecting kidney tumors with 98.5% accuracy. Our method addresses the issue of an imbalanced dataset by applying the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) to balance the distribution of images. SMOTE generates synthetic samples of the minority class to increase the number of samples, thus providing a balanced dataset. We utilize a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture that is trained on this balanced dataset of kidney tumor images. The CNN can learn and extract relevant features from the images, resulting in precise tumor classification. We evaluated our approach on a separate dataset and compared it with state-of-the-art methods. The results demonstrate that our method not only outperforms other methods but also shows robustness in detecting kidney tumors with a high degree of accuracy. By enabling early detection and diagnosis of kidney tumors, our proposed method can potentially improve patient outcomes. Additionally, addressing the imbalance in the dataset using SMOTE demonstrates the usefulness of this technique in improving the performance of deep learning-based image classification systems

A Review on Physical, Chemical and Optical Properties of Liquid Crystal

The foundation of the upcoming generation of cutting-edge gadgets and digitally augmented technologies is expected to be smart soft materials. Because of their responsiveness and adaptability, liquid crystals (LCs) are promising smart soft materials. In the 20th century, LCs were crucial to changing the information display sector. However, several beyond-display uses for LCs have been proven at the turn of the twentieth century, neatly using their controlled stimuli-responsive and adaptable properties. New LC materials have been developed and engineered for such applications. The review comes close with a summary and viewpoints on the potential and problems facing LCs as smart soft materials. This review is expected to inspire a wide range of concepts for the application of nature's delicate phase of matter in the generation and beyond of smart and augmented devices

Frequency of polymorphic variants in corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1, glucocorticoid induced 1 and Fc fragment of IgE receptor II genes in healthy and asthmatic Tamilian population

Background: Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease characterized by increased hyper-responsiveness and recurrent episodes of reversible obstructions. Asthma pharmacogenomic studies report significant association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1), Fc fragment of IgE receptor II (FCER2) and glucocorticoid induced 1 (GLCCI1) with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) response. The present study was aimed to establish the allelic and genotypic frequencies of polymorphisms rs242941, rs28364072 & rs37972 in CRHR1, FCER2 and GLCCI1 genes, respectively in Tamilian healthy population and asthma patients and to compare with established frequencies of global populations.Methods: The study groups consisted of healthy volunteers and persistent asthma patients who were drug naïve or without ICS treatment in the last ≥2 months, attending JIPMER hospital (n=111 and 78, respectively). SNP genotyping was done using PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) and real time-PCR methods.Results: Allelic and genotypic frequencies for all the studied variants found to be in hardy-weinberg equilibrium with minor allele frequencies (MAF) of rs 242941, rs 28364072 and rs 37972 at 0.51, 0.33 and 0.38, respectively, in healthy population. No significant difference in gene frequencies was obtained between healthy control and asthma patient groups. Significant difference in allele frequencies was observed between Tamilian healthy and specific global populations. West African frequency was found to be significantly different for all 3 SNPs (p<0.0001).Conclusions: MAF of rs 242941, rs 28364072 and rs 37972 were 0.51, 0.33 and 0.38, respectively in Tamilian population which were significantly different from various global populations. The frequency distribution found helps to further with ICS response association studies in larger cohorts of asthma patients

Critical Analysis of Information Sources and Channels Preferred by Rapeseed-Mustard Farmers

ABSTRACT An effective communication or information is pre-requisite for adoption of an innovation or a technology. The present study was conducted in 2003-04 to study the utilization and credibility pattern of information sources and channels by the rapeseed-mustard farmers in Rajasthan. The 350 rapeseed-mustard growers from five districts of Rajasthan were interviewed. The study reported that personal localite sources like neighbours, friends, progressive farmers and opinion leaders were playing important role in transfer of rapeseed-mustard technologies to the fellow farmers. These sources with high credibility were widely used by majority of the respondents. The most revealing finding of the study is that VLWs or Agriculture Supervisors had lost their credibility among the farmers while the input dealers and agents of commercial seed, fertilizers, plant protection, etc., played a critical role in information network of rapeseedmustard farmers, however their credibility is low. It was important to note that scientists and agriculture officers were perceived a much credible source of information by rapeseed-mustard farmers, however these sources were less accessible to the farmers. Further, the increasing literacy rate and easy accessibility of the mass media channels resulted in increased utilization of these media by the farmers. Key words : Information sources and channels; Utilization; Credibility; Adoption; Rapeseed-mustard is the important oilseed crop of India. Rajasthan occupying a prime position among the states and accounts for around 40 per cent of acreage and 38 per cent of total production of rapeseedmustard in India. A number of technical information or innovations for increasing rapeseed-mustard production and productivity have been generated by the research system. The farmers have adopted some of them but still there are many, which have not reached to the farmers. An important pre-requisite for the adoption and diffusion of an innovation within a social system is the effective communication of information relating to the innovation involved. In this context, the sources and channels of information utilized by farmers play an important role. Indian farmers have their own information networks where they continuously interact to get the information about agriculture and to get the solution of their problems. A farmer relies on a few information sources and rejects many others. Therefore, it is necessary to identify different sources and channels of agriculture information available to the rapeseed-mustard farmers and to locate the most utilized sources and channels so as to develop a suitable communication strategy. The utilization of sources and channels may vary from region to region and crop to crop. No study has been done to identify the information sources and channels utilized by rapeseed-mustard farmers in Rajasthan. Identification of these information sources and channels, their utilization pattern and their credibility perceived by the rapeseed-mustard farmers will be helpful for extension agencies and personnel engaged in transfer of technology programmes in selecting appropriate information sources and channels for effective and rapid transfer of new agriculture technologies. The present study was undertaken with the following objectives. 1. To study the utilization and credibility pattern of information sources and channels used by rapeseedmustard farmers. 2. To make the suggestions/recommendations for making information sources and channels more effective for rapid transfer of recommended agriculture technologies. METHODOLOGY The visitors advisory service was being provide

Instruments of RT-2 Experiment onboard CORONAS-PHOTON and their test and evaluation V: Onboard software, Data Structure, Telemetry and Telecommand

The onboard software and data communication in the RT-2 Experiment onboard the Coronas-Photon satellite is organized in a hierarchical way to effectively handle and communicate asynchronous data generated by the X-ray detectors. A flexible data handling system is organized in the X-ray detector packages themselves and the processing electronic device, namely RT-2/E, has the necessary intelligence to communicate with the 3 scientific payloads by issuing commands and receiving data. It has direct interfacing with the Satellite systems and issues commands to the detectors and processes the detector data before sending to the satellite systems. The onboard software is configured with several novel features like a) device independent communication scheme, b) loss-less data compression and c) Digital Signal Processor. Functionality of the onboard software along with the data structure, command structure, complex processing scheme etc. are discussed in this paper.Comment: 24 pages, 2 figures, Accepted for publication in Experimental Astronomy (in press

Ashtamudi clams fetch more

Eco-labelling through sustainable fishing practices results in premium prices and ecological gains. Short-neck clam fisheries of Ashtamudi garnered an eco-label from the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), a first in India. Clams function as bio-filters for Ashtamudi. Understanding the value chain and a comparison between pre and post management of the fishery points to the advantages of certification

Short-Term Effect of Forage Grasses on Carbon Sustainability, Fodder Security, and Soil Properties in Poor Soils of Semi-Arid India

Grasses are essential sources of fodder for livestock and provide options for climate resilience due to their broad range of adoption. They are also valuable resources for soil quality enhancement. Therefore, a six-year field study using nine grasses (2013 to 2019) was initiated in a semi-arid region of central India. The study aimed to assess the short-term impact of these nine grasses on soil carbon stock, selected soil physiochemical and biological properties, and green fodder yield. Results (after six years) revealed that a greater carbon stock (7.0 and 7.2 Mg ha–1), carbon sustainability index (71.6 and 89.3), and sustainable yield index for green fodder (0.89 and 0.91), respectively, were observed in lampagrass [Heteropogon contortus (L.)] and guineagrass [Megathyrsus maximus(Jacq.)]. These improvements could be due to the greater root length (1700 and 2220 cm plant–1) and root weight density of grasses in the upper soil layer (0–10 cm, 70%), and the higher green biomass production (~44.1 t ha–1 year–1). These beneficial changes might have further led to the lower soil bulk density (~1.05 g cm–3), higher water-filled porosity (14.7 and 16.1%), and soil organic carbon content (~0.67%) over other grasses and barren soil. Consequently, the highest total bacterial count (21.9 and 44.5 × 107 CFU g–1), soil microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activities such as acid phosphatase (17.7 and 22.6 µg p-nitrophenyl g–1 h–1) and alkaline phosphatase (9.6 and 15.9 µg p-nitrophenyl g–1 h–1) were noticed in lampagrass and guineagrass rhizospheres. Therefore, cultivation of perennial grasses in the low fertile soils of semi-arid environments can be an eco-friendly approach to enhance soil fertility, green fodder supply, and soil carbon build-up