127 research outputs found
Phonological and syntactic phrasing in Bemba relatives
Tone as a distinctive feature used to differentiate not only words but also clause types, is a characteristic feature of Bantu languages. In this paper we show that Bemba relatives can be marked with a low tone in place of a segmental relative marker. We treat this low tone as a morpheme rather than as just triggering a change in tone pattern that can then be related to relativization. The low tone strategy of relativization, which imposes a restrictive reading of relatives, manifests a phonological phrasing that requires the head noun to be phrased together with the relative clause that it modifies as opposed to non-restrictives where this is not the case. The paper shows that the resultant phonological phrasing favours a head-raising analysis of relativization where the head noun is considered to be inside CP. Despite the syntactic use of the relative tonal morpheme we see that it is also subject to purely phonological constraints that results in its being unable to be used to mark headless relatives. This paper therefore highlights the phonology-syntax connection and shows that phonology can directly inform syntactic analyses. © Walter de Gruyter
Loss of Npn1 from motor neurons causes postnatal deficits independent from Sema3A signaling
AbstractThe correct wiring of neuronal circuits is of crucial importance for the function of the vertebrate nervous system. Guidance cues like the neuropilin receptors (Npn) and their ligands, the semaphorins (Sema) provide a tight spatiotemporal control of sensory and motor axon growth and guidance. Among this family of guidance partners the Sema3A-Npn1 interaction has been shown to be of great importance, since defective signaling leads to wiring deficits and defasciculation. For the embryonic stage these defects have been well described, however, also after birth the organism can adapt to new challenges by compensational mechanisms. Therefore, we used the mouse lines Olig2-Cre;Npn1cond and Npn1Semaâ to investigate how postnatal organisms cope with the loss of Npn1 selectively from motor neurons or a systemic dysfunctional Sema3A-Npn1 signaling in the entire organism, respectively. While in Olig2-Cre+;Npn1condâ/â mice clear anatomical deficits in paw posturing, bone structure, as well as muscle and nerve composition became evident, Npn1Semaâ mutants appeared anatomically normal. Furthermore, Olig2-Cre+;Npn1cond mutants revealed a dysfunctional extensor muscle innervation after single-train stimulation of the N.radial. Interestingly, these mice did not show obvious deficits in voluntary locomotion, however, skilled motor function was affected. In contrast, Npn1Semaâ mutants were less affected in all behavioral tests and able to improve their performance over time. Our data suggest that loss of Sema3A-Npn1 signaling is not the only cause for the observed deficits in Olig2-Cre+;Npn1condâ/â mice and that additional, yet unknown binding partners for Npn1 may be involved that allow Npn1Semaâ mutants to compensate for their developmental deficits
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TRACE ELEMENT FLUXES FROM SUBDUCTED OCEANIC CRUST
ISSN:0022-3530ISSN:1460-241
Intonation in European and Brazilian Portuguese
This chapter describes the intonation system of Portuguese, concentrating on the analysis of the three main functions of intonation: demarcation, highlighting, and distinction of utterance types. It is based on the description of a single variety: the Lisbon variety for European Portuguese (EP), and the Rio de Janeiro variety for Brazilian Portuguese (BP). The chapter describes the language-particular preferences in intonational grouping that characterize European and Brazilian Portuguese, the size of intonational phrases, the distribution of tonal events within the intonational phrase and the ways in which intonational boundaries are realized. The chapter describes the intonation of two major types of questions: wh-questions and yes-no questions, as types of pragmatically neutral information-seeking questions. It is concerned with the intonation of wh-questions with the question word in sentence initial position. Finally, the chapter presents a typological look at the intonation of Portuguese within the Romance space.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Seasonal evolution of soil and plant parameters on the agricultural Gebesee test site: a database for the set-up and validation of EO-LDAS and satellite-aided retrieval models
Ground reference data are a prerequisite for the calibration,
update, and validation of retrieval models facilitating the monitoring of
land parameters based on Earth Observation data. Here, we describe the
acquisition of a comprehensive ground reference database which was created to
test and validate the recently developed Earth Observation Land Data
Assimilation System (EO-LDAS) and products derived from remote sensing
observations in the visible and infrared range. In situ data were collected
for seven crop types (winter barley, winter wheat, spring wheat, durum,
winter rape, potato, and sugar beet) cultivated on the agricultural Gebesee
test site, central Germany, in 2013 and 2014. The database contains
information on hyperspectral surface reflectance factors, the evolution of
biophysical and biochemical plant parameters, phenology, surface conditions,
atmospheric states, and a set of ground control points. Ground reference data
were gathered at an approximately weekly resolution and on different spatial
scales to investigate variations within and between acreages. In situ data
collected less than 1Â day apart from satellite acquisitions (RapidEye,
SPOT 5, Landsat-7 and -8) with a cloud coverage ââ€ââŻ25âŻ% are
available for 10 and 15Â days in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The measurements
show that the investigated growing seasons were characterized by distinct
meteorological conditions causing interannual variations in the parameter
evolution. Here, the experimental design of the field campaigns, and methods
employed in the determination of all parameters, are described in detail.
Insights into the database are provided and potential fields of application
are discussed. The data will contribute to a further development of crop
monitoring methods based on remote sensing techniques. The database is freely
available at PANGAEA (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.874251).</p
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