Ekstraksi Gelatin dari Hidrolisa Kolagen Limbah Tulang Ikan Tuna dengan Variasi Jenis Asam dan Waktu Ekstraksi

Pada pekerjaan penelitian ini, dibuat gelatin dari limbah tulang ikan tuna (Thunnus sp) dengan proses perendaman asam melalui variasi jenis larutan asam dan waktu ekstraksi dengan konsentrasi asam yang sama sebesar 4%. untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap penggunaan jenis asam yang berbeda dan waktu ekatraksi dalam proses pembuatan gelatin. Tulang ikan tuna direndam dalam tiga larutan asam yaitu, HCl 4%, H3PO4 4%, dan H2SO4 4%, kemudian diekstraksi dan dikeringkan untuk memperoleh gelatin. Proses konversi kolagen menjadi gelatin dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan laju hidrolisis kolagen karena kekuatan asam yang berbeda pada setiap larutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa asam sulfat 7 jam memiliki nilai terbaik yang dilihat dari hasil analisa diperoleh kadar air 9,997%, kadar abu 0,05%, viskositas 10,133 cPs, pH 5,317, E.colli dan Salmonella negatif, TPC 21,667 cfu/100gram dan rendemen 8,444%.Gelatin terbaik yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini adalah gelatin dengan perendaman asam sulfat 7 jam

O complexo Atuba: um cinturão paleoproterozóico intensamente retrabalhado no Neoproterozóico

Studies of terranes between the northern Ribeira and southern Dom Feliciano Belts allow the characterization of three geotectonic domains with different evolutions: the Luís Alves, Curitiba and Paranaguá terranes. The Atuba Complex occurs in the Curitiba Domain, which has a northwestern limit with metassediments of the Açungui and Setuva Groups and a southwestern limit with the granulitic gneisses of the Luis Alves domains. The contacts are expressive shear zones. The predominant rocks of the Curitiba Domain are banded, migmatitic gneisses in amphibolite grade with biotite-amphibole gneissic mesosomes and tonalitic/granodioritic to granitic leucosomes, here called the Atuba Complex. The migmatites are Paleoproterozoic (2.000 ± 200 Ma) and remigmatized in Neoproterozoic (600 ± 20 Ma). During the latter period temperatures reached more than 500º C. The structural pattem indicated shear-controlled tectonics with an important lateral component, and low-angle, south-southeastwards transport direction. The terranes of the Atuba Complex appear to represent deep-level rocks which were migmatized, granitized and then added to the border of the Luis Alves Microplate during the Neoproterozoic. This late Neoproterozoic tectonic scheme which continued to the Cambro-Ordoviciano seems to be the result of larger-scale processes of continental agglutination which ended with the formation of western Gondwanaland.Os estudos realizados nos terrenos localizados entre os Cinturões Ribeira (N) e Dom Feliciano (S) permitiram caracterizar a existência de três domínios geotectônicos com evoluções próprias e distintas: Domínios Luis Alves, Curitiba e Paranaguá. O Complexo Atuba se insere no âmbito do Domínio Curitiba, que se limita a noroeste com as seqüências metassedimentares dos Grupos Açungui e Setuva, e a sudeste com os gnaisses granulíticos do Domínio Luis Alves, contatos esses que se fazem por importantes zonas de cisalhamento. Predominam no Domínio Curitiba rochas gnáissicas bandadas, migmatíticas, do fácies anfibolito, representadas principalmente por biotita-anfibólio-gnaisses contendo leucossomas de composições tonalitogranodioríticas além de graníticas, que compõem o aqui denominado Complexo Atuba. Caracteriza-se por migmatitos formados no Paleoproterozóico (2.000 ± 200 Ma), remigmatizados no Neoproterozóico (600± 20 Ma), período esse em que as isotermas atingiram temperaturas superiores a 500 ºC. O padrão estrutural observado é indicativo de uma tectônica controlada em grande parte por cisalhamento, com importante componente lateral, e transporte relativo em direção a sul-sudeste. As rochas pertencentes ao Complexo Atuba representam terrenos relativamente profundos, do fácies anfibolito, migmatizados, granitizados acrescidos à borda do Domínio Luis Alves (Microplaca Luis Alves) durante o Neoproterozóico. Este quadro tectônico definido no final do Neoproterozóico com continuidade até o Cambro-Ordoviciano, parece ser o resultado de processos maiores, envolvendo aglutinações de massas continentais, que culminaram com a formação do Gondwana Ocidental

Mapping Peptidergic Cells in Drosophila: Where DIMM Fits In

The bHLH transcription factor DIMMED has been associated with the differentiation of peptidergic cells in Drosophila. However, whether all Drosophila peptidergic cells express DIMM, and the extent to which all DIMM cells are peptidergic, have not been determined. To address these issues, we have mapped DIMM expression in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery in the late larval stage Drosophila. At 100 hr after egg-laying, DIMM immunosignals are largely congruent with a dimm-promoter reporter (c929-GAL4) and they present a stereotyped pattern of 306 CNS cells and 52 peripheral cells. We assigned positional values for all DIMM CNS cells with respect to reference gene expression patterns, or to patterns of secondary neuroblast lineages. We could assign provisional peptide identities to 68% of DIMM-expressing CNS cells (207/306) and to 73% of DIMM-expressing peripheral cells (38/52) using a panel of 24 markers for Drosophila neuropeptide genes. Furthermore, we found that DIMM co-expression was a prevalent feature within single neuropeptide marker expression patterns. Of the 24 CNS neuropeptide gene patterns we studied, six patterns are >90% DIMM-positive, while 16 of 22 patterns are >40% DIMM-positive. Thus most or all DIMM cells in Drosophila appear to be peptidergic, and many but not all peptidergic cells express DIMM. The co-incidence of DIMM-expression among peptidergic cells is best explained by a hypothesis that DIMM promotes a specific neurosecretory phenotype we term LEAP. LEAP denotes Large cells that display Episodic release of Amidated Peptides