Synthesis, Characterization and Role of Anions (Nitrate, Sulphate, Oxalate and Acetate) \in the Biological Activity of Hydrazine Derived Compounds and Their Metal Chelates

Hydrazine derived compounds and its Co(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II) chelates having the same metal ion but different anions (e.g., nitrate, sulphate, oxalate and acetate) have been synthesised and characterised by their physical, spectral and analytical data. In order to evaluate the participating role of anions in the antibacterial activity, these synthesised ligands and its metal chelates have been screened against bacterial species such as Staphylococcus aureous, pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonae and Proteus vulgarus, and the results are reported

Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Some Fruits Using Gas Chromatography Coupled with Micro Electron Capture Detector

A very sensitive analytical method for the determination of 26 pesticides in some fruits based on solid phase extraction (SPE) cleanup was developed using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with micro electron capture detector (μECD). The identity of the pesticides was confirmed by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) using selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Ethyl acetate was used as a solvent for the extraction of pesticide residues with assistance of sonication. For cleanup an octadecyl, C18 SPE column was used. A linear response of μECD was observed for all pesticides with good correlation coefficients (>0.9992). Proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of pesticide residues in the orange, apple, and grape fruits. Average recoveries achieved for all of the pesticides at fortification levels of 0.05, 1.0 and 2.0 μg g-1 in analyzed fruits were above 90% with relative standard deviations (RSD) less than

Synthesis, Ligational and Biological Properties of Cobalt(II), Copper(II), Nickel(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes With Pyrazinedicarboxaimide Derived Furanyl, Thienyl and Pyrrolyl Compounds

Preparation, ligational and biological properties of some pyrazinedicarboxaimide derived furanyl, thienyl and pyrrolyl compounds with Co(ll), Cu(ll), Ni(ll) and Zn(ll) metals are described. Magnetic moments, electronic, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and elemental analysis data indicate that co-ordination of the ligands with the metal ions take place through the pyrazine ring nitrogen, azomethine nitrogen and heteroatom of heterocyclic ring system. The compounds are all novel and are proposed to possess an octahedral geometry for Co(ll) and Ni(ll), and a distorted octahedral geometry for Cu(ll) and Zn(ll) complexes. The comparative biological properties of the title ligands and their metal chelates against different bacterial species are also described

Perspectivas del perfil de ácidos grasos y la composición de lípidos bioactivos de semillas en la discriminación de variedades de manzana mediante quimiometría

The extracted oils from four apple seed varieties (Royal Gala, Red Delicious, Pyrus Malus and Golden Delicious) from Pakistan were investigated for their fatty acid profiles and lipid biactives by GC-MS. The oil contents in the seeds of the apple varieties ranged from 26.8-28.7%. The results revealed that linoleic acid (40.5-49.6%) was the main fatty acid in the Royal Gala, Red Delicious and Pyrus Malus seeds, and oleic acid (38.7-45.5%) was the main fatty acid in the Golden Delicious seeds. Palmitic acid (6.1-7.4%) and stearic acid (2.0-3.1%) were the dominant saturated fatty acids, besides the small amount of palmitoleic, heptadecanoic, linolenic, archidic, eicosanoic, and behenicacids. Sterols, tocopherols, hydrocarbons and some other minor components were also identified from the unsaponifiable lipid fraction. The variation among the results of both fatty acids and lipid bioactives for the four different varieties was assessed by principal component analysis, discriminant analysis and cluster analyses. The results conclude that both oil fractions could be applied as a useful tool to discriminate among the apple seed varieties.Se ha estudiado el perfil de ácidos grasos y lípidos biactivos mediante GC-MS del aceite extraído de semillas de cuatro variedades de manzanas de Pakistán (Royal Gala, Red Delicious, Pyrus Malus y Golden Delicious). El contenido de aceite en las semillas de las variedades de manzanas estudiadas oscilaron desde 26,8 hasta 28,7%. Los resultados mostraron que el ácido linoleico (40.5-49.6%) fue el principal ácido graso de las semillas de las variedades Royal Gala, Red Delicious y Pyrus Malus, y el ácido oleico (38,7-45,5%) fue el principal ácido graso de Golden Delicious. Los ácidos palmítico (6.1-7.4%) y esteárico (2,0-3,1%) fueron los ácidos grasos saturados predominantes, las semillas contenían también pequeñas cantidades de palmitoleico, heptadecanoico, linolénico, araquídico, eicosanoico, y behénico. Esteroles, tocoferoles, hidrocarburos, y otros componentes menores también fueron identificados a partir de la fracción insaponificable. La variación de los resultados de ambos, ácidos grasos y lípidos bioactivos, de cuatro variedades diferentes se evaluó mediante análisis de componentes principales, análisis discriminante y análisis de cluster. Los resultados concluyen que las dos fracciones lipídicas de semillas de manzanas podrían aplicarse como una herramienta útil para distinguir variedades

A biochemical and histopathologic study showing protection and treatment of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits using vitamin c

Gentamicin and vitamin C have been proposed as nephrotoxic and antioxidant, respectively. This study involved biochemical and histopathologic investigation showing protection and treatment of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits using vitamin C for 26 days hypothesizing that whether vitamin C would inhibit or decrease the raised serum urea and creatinine levels. This study was conducted on 25 healthy male albino rabbits (average weight 1.5±0.2 kg), classified into 5groups: group A, B, C, D and E for nephrocurative (study-I) and  nephroprotective (study-II) studies. Control group of rabbits (group A) received only the vehicle of gentamicin ampoule. In study-I, gentamicin sulphate (GS 80 mg/kg, i.m.) was administered to group B and C rabbits for ten days, then group C rabbits received vitamin C 250 mg/Kg for remaining 16 days. Group D and E received GS 80 mg/kg and GS 80 mg/kg i.m.-vitamin C 250 mg/kg orally, respectively during whole period (26 days) of study-II. After 26 days, various biochemical parameters, i.e. serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum antioxidant activity, and histopathologic investigations were made. Nephrotoxicity was observed in rabbit groups B, C and D as evident from significant (p<0.05) high levels of serum creatinine and BUN and low serum antioxidantlevels as compared to the levels of control group. Decrease in the levels of serum creatinine and BUN along with the increase in serum antioxidant activity was observed after vitamin C treatment in group C. While, renal-protective role of vitamin C was seen in group E as compared to the control. In conclusion, Gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity can be  attenuated or treated using vitamin C

Benchmarking of standard-cell based memories in the sub-VT domain in 65-nm CMOS technology

In this paper, standard-cell based memories (SCMs) are proposed as an alternative to full-custom sub-VT SRAM macros for ultra-low-power systems requiring small memory blocks. The energy per memory access as well as the maximum achievable throughput in the sub-VT domain of various SCM architectures are evaluated by means of a gate-level sub-VT characterization model, building on data extracted from fully placed, routed, and back-annotated netlists. The reliable operation at the energy-minimum voltage of the various SCM architectures in a 65-nm CMOS technology considering within-die process parameter variations is demonstrated by means of Monte Carlo circuit simulation. Finally, the energy per memory access, the achievable throughput, and the area of the best SCM architecture are compared to recent sub-VT SRAM designs

A BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC STUDY SHOWING PROTECTION AND TREATMENT OF GENTAMICIN-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY IN RABBITS USING VITAMIN C

Gentamicin and vitamin C have been proposed as nephrotoxic and antioxidant, respectively. This study involved biochemical and histopathologic investigation showing protection and treatment of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits using vitamin C for 26 days hypothesizing that whether vitamin C would inhibit or decrease the raised serum urea and creatinine levels. This study was conducted on 25 healthy male albino rabbits (average weight 1.5±0.2 kg), classified into 5 groups: group A, B, C, D and E for nephrocurative (study-I) and nephroprotective (study-II) studies. Control group of rabbits (group A) received only the vehicle of gentamicin ampoule. In study-I, gentamicin sulphate (GS 80 mg/kg, i.m.) was administered to group B and C rabbits for ten days, then group C rabbits received vitamin C 250 mg/Kg for remaining 16 days. Group D and E received GS 80 mg/kg and GS 80 mg/kg i.m.-vitamin C 250 mg/kg orally, respectively during whole period (26 days) of study-II. After 26 days, various biochemical parameters, i.e. serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum antioxidant activity, and histopathologic investigations were made. Nephrotoxicity was observed in rabbit groups B, C and D as evident from significant (

First in vivo fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging of the multiple sclerosis drug siponimod

Theranostic imaging methods could greatly enhance our understanding of the distribution of CNS-acting drugs in individual patients. Fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging ((19)F MRI) offers the opportunity to localize and quantify fluorinated drugs non-invasively, without modifications and without the application of ionizing or other harmful radiation. Here we investigated siponimod, a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S(1)P) receptor antagonist indicated for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), to determine the feasibility of in vivo (19)F MR imaging of a disease modifying drug. METHODS: The (19)F MR properties of siponimod were characterized using spectroscopic techniques. Four MRI methods were investigated to determine which was the most sensitive for (19)F MR imaging of siponimod under biological conditions. We subsequently administered siponimod orally to 6 mice and acquired (19)F MR spectra and images in vivo directly after administration, and in ex vivo tissues. RESULTS: The (19)F transverse relaxation time of siponimod was 381 ms when dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, and substantially reduced to 5 ms when combined with serum, and to 20 ms in ex vivo liver tissue. Ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging was determined to be the most sensitive MRI technique for imaging siponimod in a biological context and was used to map the drug in vivo in the stomach and liver. Ex vivo images in the liver and brain showed an inhomogeneous distribution of siponimod in both organs. In the brain, siponimod accumulated predominantly in the cerebrum but not the cerebellum. No secondary (19)F signals were detected from metabolites. From a translational perspective, we found that acquisitions done on a 3.0 T clinical MR scanner were 2.75 times more sensitive than acquisitions performed on a preclinical 9.4 T MR setup when taking changes in brain size across species into consideration and using equivalent relative spatial resolution. CONCLUSION: Siponimod can be imaged non-invasively using (19)F UTE MRI in the form administered to MS patients, without modification. This study lays the groundwork for more extensive preclinical and clinical investigations. With the necessary technical development, (19)F MRI has the potential to become a powerful theranostic tool for studying the time-course and distribution of CNS-acting drugs within the brain, especially during pathology