Friction-stir welding of ultrafine grained austenitic 304L stainless steel produced by martensitic thermomechanical processing

An ultrafine grained 304L austenitic stainless steel was produced by martensitic thermomechanical processing and joined by applying Friction Stir Welding (FSW). The thermomechanical processing comprised a cold roll procedure up to 80% reduction followed by annealing. After FSW, different grain structures in different regions of the weld nugget were observed due to the asymmetry in the heat generation during the welding process. Grain growth was found to be the most predominant phenomena in the region just ahead of the rotating tool during the thermal cycle of FSW. A banded structure was observed in the advancing side of the weld nugget. TEM observations revealed that nanometric sigma phase precipitates were present both in the grain boundaries and inside the grains of this region. Shear textures were clearly identified in the weld center. The lack of rotated cube texture shows that the discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) is not active in the final microstructure. Increasing the welding speed can reduce the final grain size of the weld nugget leading to higher hardness. Hardness is found to increase in the weld and this is not just a grain refinement effect, but also due to the presence of sub-boundaries and a high density of dislocations.postprin

The role of martensitic transformation on bimodal grain structure in ultrafine grained AISI 304L stainless steel

In the present study, metastable AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel samples were subjected to different cold rolling reductions from 70% to 93%, followed by annealing at 700 °C for 300 min to form ultrafine grained (UFG) austenite with different grain structures. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoindentation were used to characterize the martensitic transformation, in order to relate it to the bimodal distribution of the austenite grain size after subsequent annealing. The results showed that the martensite morphology changed from lath type in the 60% rolled sample to a mixture of lath and dislocation-cell types in the higher rolling reductions. Calculation of the Gibbs free energy change during the reversion treatment showed that the reversion mechanism is shear controlled at the annealing temperature and so the morphology of the reverted austenite is completely dependent on the morphology of the deformation induced martensite. It was found that the austenite had a bimodal grain size distribution in the 80% rolled and annealed state and this is related to the existence of different types of martensite. Increasing the rolling reduction to 93% followed by annealing caused changing of the grain structure to a monomodal like structure, which was mostly covered with small grains of around 300 nm. The existence of bimodal austenite grain size in the 80% rolled and annealed 304L stainless steel led to the improvement of ductility while maintaining a high tensile strength in comparison with the 93% rolled and annealed sample.postprin

Towards an eficient atomic frequency comb quantum memory

We present an efficient photon-echo experiment based on atomic frequency combs [Phys. Rev. A 79, 052329 (2009)]. Echoes containing an energy of up to 35% of that of the input pulse are observed in a Pr3+-doped Y2SiO5 crystal. This material allows for the precise spectral holeburning needed to make a sharp and highly absorbing comb structure. We compare our results with a simple theoretical model with satisfactory agreement. Our results show that atomic frequency combs has the potential for high-efficiency storage of single photons as required in future long-distance communication based on quantum repeaters.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure

Quantum Storage of Photonic Entanglement in a Crystal

Entanglement is the fundamental characteristic of quantum physics. Large experimental efforts are devoted to harness entanglement between various physical systems. In particular, entanglement between light and material systems is interesting due to their prospective roles as "flying" and stationary qubits in future quantum information technologies, such as quantum repeaters and quantum networks. Here we report the first demonstration of entanglement between a photon at telecommunication wavelength and a single collective atomic excitation stored in a crystal. One photon from an energy-time entangled pair is mapped onto a crystal and then released into a well-defined spatial mode after a predetermined storage time. The other photon is at telecommunication wavelength and is sent directly through a 50 m fiber link to an analyzer. Successful transfer of entanglement to the crystal and back is proven by a violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality by almost three standard deviations (S=2.64+/-0.23). These results represent an important step towards quantum communication technologies based on solid-state devices. In particular, our resources pave the way for building efficient multiplexed quantum repeaters for long-distance quantum networks.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures + supplementary information; fixed typo in ref. [36

Heralded quantum entanglement between two crystals

Quantum networks require the crucial ability to entangle quantum nodes. A prominent example is the quantum repeater which allows overcoming the distance barrier of direct transmission of single photons, provided remote quantum memories can be entangled in a heralded fashion. Here we report the observation of heralded entanglement between two ensembles of rare-earth-ions doped into separate crystals. A heralded single photon is sent through a 50/50 beamsplitter, creating a single-photon entangled state delocalized between two spatial modes. The quantum state of each mode is subsequently mapped onto a crystal, leading to an entangled state consisting of a single collective excitation delocalized between two crystals. This entanglement is revealed by mapping it back to optical modes and by estimating the concurrence of the retrieved light state. Our results highlight the potential of rare-earth-ions doped crystals for entangled quantum nodes and bring quantum networks based on solid-state resources one step closer.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure

Laser powder bed fusion of 17–4 PH stainless steel:A comparative study on the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties

17–4 PH (precipitation hardening) stainless steel is commonly used for the fabrication of complicated molds with conformal cooling channels using laser powder bed fusion process (L-PBF). However, their microstructure in the as-printed condition varies notably with the chemical composition of the feedstock powder, resulting in different age-hardening behavior. In the present investigation, 17–4 PH stainless steel components were fabricated by L-PBF from two different feedstock powders, and subsequently subjected to different combinations of post-process heat treatments. It was observed that the microstructure in as-printed conditions could be almost fully martensitic or ferritic, depending on the ratio of Creq/Nieq of the feedstock powder. Aging treatment at 480 °C improved the yield and ultimate tensile strengths of the as-printed components. However, specimens with martensitic structures exhibited accelerated age-hardening response compared with the ferritic specimens due to the higher lattice distortion and dislocation accumulation, resulting in the “dislocation pipe diffusion mechanism”. It was also found that the martensitic structures were highly susceptible to the formation of reverted austenite during direct aging treatment, where 19.5% of austenite phase appeared in the microstructure after 15 h of direct aging. Higher fractions of reverted austenite activates the transformation induced plasticity and improves the ductility of heat treated specimens. The results of the present study can be used to tailor the microstructure of the L-PBF printed 17–4 PH stainless steel by post-process heat treatments to achieve a good combination of mechanical properties

New insight into the loss of adhesion of ZnMg-Zn bi-layered coatings on steel substrates

In this research, physically vapor deposited Mg-Zn and ZnMg-Zn bi-layered coatings were annealed at 180 °C for different annealing times to study the origin of the adhesion loss during heat treatment. In the case of Mg-Zn bi-layered coatings, it was observed that MgZn2 and Mg2Zn11 intermetallics are formed during annealing from Zn and Mg by diffusion, which results in a reduction of the thickness of the initial pure zinc interlayer. In the case of ZnMg-Zn bi-layered coating, the “interfacial adhesion strength” at the ZnMg/Zn interface was quantified by using scratch test. The novel finding is that the adhesion strength of as-deposited coatings at the interface of ZnMg/Zn is independent of the thickness of the zinc interlayer (tZn). tZn decreases gradually during annealing at 180 °C. The “adhesion performance” of the studied coatings, as tested by BMW crash adhesion test (BMW AA-M223), drops drastically when tZn is less than a threshold (~ 500 nm). The obtained results indicate that tZn plays the significant role in the adhesion performance of ZnMg-Zn bi-layered coatings

Microstructure and adhesion strength quantification of PVD bi-layered ZnMg-Zn coatings on DP800 steel

In this study, ZnMg-Zn bi-layered coatings with different Mg contents, a single layer ZnMg coating and a pure zinc coating are deposited on steel substrates by physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. A set of experiments and simulations are performed to study the microstructure, mechanical properties and adhesion behavior of the PVD coatings. It is found that Mg2Zn11 and MgZn2 form in the microstructure of the ZnMg top layer with increasing Mg content. MgZn2 fully covers the microstructure at 14.1 wt% Mg. Scratch tests are carried out to quantify the adhesion strength of the coatings. It is observed that ZnMg single layer coating shows poor adhesion to the steel substrate and the addition of a Zn interlayer is essential for enhancing the adhesion strength. It was found that the measured critical load (L-C) in scratch test is not a suitable criterion to evaluate the adhesion strength of ZnMg-Zn bi-layer coatings with different combination of thickness and/or mechanical properties. Instead, the Benjamin-Weaver model is modified to quantify the adhesion strength at ZnMg/Zn interface by scratch test revealing consistent results with the BMW crash adhesion test (BMW AA-M223) currently used in industry for adhesion qualification

Insight into blood pressure targets for universal coverage of hypertension services in Iran: the 2017 ACC/AHA versus JNC 8 hypertension guidelines

BACKGROUND: We compared the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Iran based on two hypertension guidelines; the 2017 ACC/AHA -with an aggressive blood pressure target of 130/80 mmHg- and the commonly used JNC8 guideline cut-off of 140/90 mmHg. We shed light on the implications of the 2017 ACC/AHA for population subgroups and high-risk individuals who were eligible for non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies. METHODS: Data was obtained from the Iran national STEPS 2016 study. Participants included 27,738 adults aged ≥25 years as a representative sample of Iranians. Regression models of survey design were used to examine the determinants of prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension based on JNC8 was 29.9% (95% CI: 29.2-30.6), which soared to 53.7% (52.9-54.4) based on the 2017 ACC/AHA. The percentage of awareness, treatment, and control were 59.2% (58.0-60.3), 80.2% (78.9-81.4), and 39.1% (37.4-40.7) based on JNC8, which dropped to 37.1% (36.2-38.0), 71.3% (69.9-72.7), and 19.6% (18.3-21.0), respectively, by applying the 2017 ACC/AHA. Based on the new guideline, adults aged 25-34 years had the largest increase in prevalence (from 7.3 to 30.7%). They also had the lowest awareness and treatment rate, contrary to the highest control rate (36.5%) between age groups. Compared with JNC8, based on the 2017 ACC/AHA, 24, 15, 17, and 11% more individuals with dyslipidaemia, high triglycerides, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease events, respectively, fell into the hypertensive category. Yet, based on the 2017 ACC/AHA, 68.2% of individuals falling into the hypertensive category were eligible for receiving pharmacologic therapy (versus 95.7% in JNC8). LDL cholesterol< 130 mg/dL, sufficient physical activity (Metabolic Equivalents≥600/week), and Body Mass Index were found to change blood pressure by - 3.56(- 4.38, - 2.74), - 2.04(- 2.58, - 1.50), and 0.48(0.42, 0.53) mmHg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Switching from JNC8 to 2017 ACC/AHA sharply increased the prevalence and drastically decreased the awareness, treatment, and control in Iran. Based on the 2017 ACC/AHA, more young adults and those with chronic comorbidities fell into the hypertensive category; these individuals might benefit from earlier interventions such as lifestyle modifications. The low control rate among individuals receiving treatment warrants a critical review of hypertension services