Political Dimension of Indian Federal System: an Evaluation

Indian federalism is a blend of formation of federations of both the existing modes of federations The prevailing situations at the juncture in the country forced the Constituent Assembly to make India a federation with the strong central government. The constitution makes adequate provisions for a true federation to meet out all the exigencies. In practice, it reflects both federal and unitary governments\u27 features as per the demand of the situations and has experienced, the bitter taste of emergency and coalition government. The decisions of the Hon\u27ble Supreme Court also contributed to clearing the grey areas. Undoubtedly, the constitution is a fundamental document to provide the guidelines and limits to government. Its success and applicability ultimately depend upon the mental make-up, honesty, and commitment of the persons at the helm of the affairs. The present write-up comprises of salient features of Indian federation, its historical profile, and the concluding remarks

Ministers and Civil Servants Relations in India: an Evaluation

In a parliamentary form of government, like in India, there exist two types of executives i.e. political or elected and permanent executive. Political executive derives its power from people and enjoys the power by virtue of constitutional position, while permanent executive or civil servant is selected on merit basis and accumulate its power due to an administrative position and technical expertise. The system of a democratic government is based on the principle of popular sovereignty wherein the supreme rests in people or their elected representative. Political executive or Minister is assisted by a civil servant. A balanced relationship between them is essential for smooth and efficient functioning of government. Minister and civil servant act as two pillars of the parliamentary form of government and weakness of any one of them will adversely affect the performance of government. Theoretically political and permanent executives perform a different role in government but in practice, their work is often overlapping and difficult to differentiate it

ELECTROMAGNETIC ELECTRON-CYCLOTRON WAVES WITH AC FIELD IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE

In this paper the effect of externally injected beam of cold electrons on electromagnetic electron-cyclotron (EMEC) waves in the magnetosphere has been discussed. The investigation is conducted using the methodology of characteristic solution and considering kappa distribution function in the presence of AC field.  The objective of present study is to examine the variation in growth rate of EMEC waves when temperature anisotropy, magnitude of AC field and number density of energetic particles varies. It is inferred that EMEC waves grow more significantly when propagating oblique to magnetic field direction rather than parallel to magnetic field direction. Also that as the temperature anisotropy and number density of background plasma increases, growth rate of EMEC waves increases

Biology of citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) on Citrus reticulate (Mandarin) var. Kinnow

Screen house studies on biology of citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), were conducted during 2014-15 in screen house of Department of Entomology College of Agriculture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar on citrus mandarin (var. Kinnow). Results on biological studies of D. citri revealed that female on an average laid 151±42.99 eggs with an incubation period of 13.3±1.89 days. The mean duration of first, second and third instar nymphs were 13.1±1.77, 11.1±2.05 and 15.4±2.41 days, respectively. The pupal duration was 108.3±4.33 days. Adult Male lived for 16.5±1.96 days whereas adult female lived for 18.6±2.06 days. The male whitefly completed its life cycle in 178.8±6.73 days whereas the corresponding period for female whitefly was 180±7.02 days. This study established that biology of the insect is rather a stable trait because no significant variation was observed when compared with decade old reports despite the fact that agro-ecology including weather phenomenon have undergone significant change in the last decade

A Qualitative Analysis of the Success of Entrepreneurship Development Programs Based on Segment Studies

Entrepreneurship Development Program include Strategies to increase Business which involve identifying areas where new ventures can be set up and so it is important to analyse the success of such program. This Paper is aimed at analysing success of the Entrepreneurship Development Program that are carried out across the country by educational institutions. A Survey was carried out across all such institutes where EDP was delivered and the participants were asked to rate the program attended by them on parameters that play a key role in development of the entrepreneurial skills. The data of 1000 such participants were taken. Their results were segregated and aggregated and the result was studied through pie graphs to give a qualitative analysis of the inclination of each group among the segregated ones

Population Structure of East African Relapsing Fever Borrelia spp.

Differentiation of endemic East African tick-borne relapsing fever Borrelia duttonii spirochetes from epidemic louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) B. recurrentis spirochetes into different species has been questioned. We assessed a noncoding intragenic spacer (IGS) region to compare genotypes found in clinical samples from relapsing fever patients. Although IGS typing was highly discriminatory and resolved 4 East African tick-borne relapsing fever groups from a disease-endemic region in Tanzania, 2 IGS clades were found among LBRF patients in Ethiopia. The 2 IGS sequence types for B. recurrentis overlapped with 2 of the 4 groups found among B. duttonii. All cultivable isolates of B. duttonii fell into a single IGS cluster, which suggests their analysis might introduce selective bias. We provide further support that B. recurrentis is a subset of B. duttonii and represents an ecotype rather than a species. These observations have disease control implications and suggest LBRF Borrelia spp. could reemerge from its tick-borne reservoirs in which vectors coexist

Crystalline silicon surface passivation by thermal ALD deposited Al doped ZnO thin films

The evidence of good quality silicon surface passivation using thermal ALD deposited Al doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films is demonstrated. AZO films are prepared by introducing aluminium precursor in between zinc and oxygen precursors during the deposition. The formation of AZO is confirmed by ellip-sometry, XRD and Hall measurements. Effective minority carrier lifetime (tau(eff)) greater than 1.5ms at intermediate bulk injection levels is realized for symmetrically passivated p-type silicon surfaces under optimised annealing conditions of temperature and time in hydrogen ambient. The best results are realised at 450 degrees C annealing for > 15min. Such a layer may lead to implied open circuit voltage gain of 80mV