Harvest of hazards the farm safety movement, 1940-1975

Between 1940 and 1975, farmers chose to adopt new machines, different farming methods and ever-widening array of chemicals all of which presented unfamiliar hazards. Farm Families had always been exposed risks from hand-tools, domestic animals and inclement weather, however, potential health risks multiplied in the mid twentieth century. Farmers could be injured in a myriad of ways in their attempt to grow crops, raise livestock or even in bringing their commodities to market. An individual\u27s clothing or limbs could become entangled in a machine\u27s unguarded moving parts, a tractor driver might be crushed during an accidental overturn and person carelessly applying chemicals could experience a disabling injury or even death;Farm families were particularly vulnerable to accidental injury or death due to the unique their profession\u27s unique aspects. Such factors as farming\u27s entrepreneurial nature and the general lack of regulatory protections greatly contributed to agricultural work\u27s hazardous nature. The fact that people of diverse ages and skill levels routinely labored on the nation\u27s farm further also added to the issue\u27s complexity. Such aspects of the farm safety problem persisted throughout the era despite the existence of a movement to reduce the dangers associated with farming;Farm safety specialists, National Safety Council (NSC) representatives as well as leaders of many other organizations cooperated in launching and sustaining an effort throughout the period. In the 1940s, the farm safety movement\u27s development was greatly aided by heightened accident prevention concerns created by technological change as well as the desire to conserve labor during wartime. Farm safety supporters transformed an effort which had been piecemeal and feeble into a highly coordinated, energetic and national effort by the decade\u27s close. Safety advocates primarily devoted their energies on educational campaigns delivered by state extension employees, agricultural youth groups, and other farm oriented organizations. Despite this initial cooperative atmosphere, by the early 1960s, agricultural and safety leaders who labored to improve safety worked in a more contentious environment as a result of the controversial legislation, institutional struggles, and new legal understandings of accident culpability

Albia, Iowa in the 1920s: Coal, corn and change

This is the story of Albia in the 1920s. Albia, the seat of Monroe County, is located in south central Iowa. The town achieved its greatest population gain during the first decade of the twentieth century. Access to ample railroad transportation, trade with its hinterland, and manufacturing aided this expansion. Albians also enjoyed a thriving period of coal mining and agriculture. This era of prosperity ended during the early 1920s because the demand for local coal fell sharply. As a result, the population of the county began to shrink. Following the war, agriculture also entered a recession when farmers struggled to survive. Albia’s population dropped from 5,067 in 1920 to 4,425 in 1930. Albians responded energetically to hard times. The Commercial Club sponsored special events to attract shoppers. The United Mine Workers actively supported home-buying coal campaigns and the town\u27s many civic organizations worked to relieve the growing poverty. This story also traces additional developments which began to erode the relative isolation of Albians. The growing number of automobiles impacted Albians and numerous road improvements demonstrated their importance. The radio brought entertainment and useful information to remote portions of the county. Nevertheless, for all these positive changes, these innovations brought some unfavorable outcomes. Movies replaced many earlier forms of entertainment which did not bode well for Albians who enjoyed the Chautauqua or lyceum course. In addition, the automobile aided the transient ways of criminals. These developments contributed to a feeling of uncertainty in Albia. The appearance of the Ku Klux Klan demonstrates that some people felt threatened by the changing times. Editorials defending small-town living against the criticisms of many writers also illustrate the tension of the age. Nevertheless, Albians showed a capacity to adapt. Clubs encouraged a feeling of belonging and addressed many of the town’s problems. The Albia Junior College provided students with new educational opportunities and the town’s churches continued to give life spiritual significance. This is a story of a people who faced the challenges of an eventful decade with all the resourcefulness that their past had bequeathed to them

Advanced adaptive computational methods for Navier-Stokes simulations in rotorcraft aerodynamics

A phase 2 research and development effort was conducted in area transonic, compressible, inviscid flows with an ultimate goal of numerically modeling complex flows inherent in advanced helicopter blade designs. The algorithms and methodologies therefore are classified as adaptive methods, which are error estimation techniques for approximating the local numerical error, and automatically refine or unrefine the mesh so as to deliver a given level of accuracy. The result is a scheme which attempts to produce the best possible results with the least number of grid points, degrees of freedom, and operations. These types of schemes automatically locate and resolve shocks, shear layers, and other flow details to an accuracy level specified by the user of the code. The phase 1 work involved a feasibility study of h-adaptive methods for steady viscous flows, with emphasis on accurate simulation of vortex initiation, migration, and interaction. Phase 2 effort focused on extending these algorithms and methodologies to a three-dimensional topology

A Priori error analyses of a stabilized discontinuous Galerkin method

AbstractWe introduce a new stabilized discontinuous Galerkin method within a new function space setting, that is closely related to the discontinuous Galerkin formulation by Oden, Babuška and Baumann [1], but involves an extra stabilization term on the jumps of the normal fluxes across the element interfaces. The formulation satisfies a local conservation property and we prove well posedness of the new formulation. A priori error estimates are derived, which are verified by 1D and 2D experiments on a reaction-diffusion type model problem

A priori error estimates for an hp-version of the discontinuous Galerkin method for hyperbolic conservation laws

A priori error estimates are derived for hp-versions of the finite element method for discontinuous Galerkin approximations of a model class of linear, scalar, first-order hyperbolic conservation laws. These estimates are derived in a mesh dependent norm in which the coefficients depend upon both the local mesh size h(sub K) and a number p(sub k) which can be identified with the spectral order of the local approximations over each element

Solid rocket booster internal flow analysis by highly accurate adaptive computational methods

The primary objective of this project was to develop an adaptive finite element flow solver for simulating internal flows in the solid rocket booster. Described here is a unique flow simulator code for analyzing highly complex flow phenomena in the solid rocket booster. New methodologies and features incorporated into this analysis tool are described

A dual weighted residual method applied to complex periodic gratings

An extension of the dual weighted residual (DWR) method to the analysis of electromagnetic waves in a periodic diffraction grating is presented. Using the α,0-quasi-periodic transformation, an upper bound for the a posteriori error estimate is derived. This is then used to solve adaptively the associated Helmholtz problem. The goal is to achieve an acceptable accuracy in the computed diffraction efficiency while keeping the computational mesh relatively coarse. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the advantage of using DWR over the global a posteriori error estimate approach. The application of the method in biomimetic, to address the complex diffraction geometry of the Morpho butterfly wing is also discussed

On a Cahn--Hilliard--Darcy system for tumour growth with solution dependent source terms

We study the existence of weak solutions to a mixture model for tumour growth that consists of a Cahn--Hilliard--Darcy system coupled with an elliptic reaction-diffusion equation. The Darcy law gives rise to an elliptic equation for the pressure that is coupled to the convective Cahn--Hilliard equation through convective and source terms. Both Dirichlet and Robin boundary conditions are considered for the pressure variable, which allows for the source terms to be dependent on the solution variables.Comment: 18 pages, changed proof from fixed point argument to Galerkin approximatio

Simulation of actively controlled spacecraft with flexible appendages

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/76688/1/AIAA-25388-716.pd