A fluorescent nanosensor paint detects dopamine release at axonal varicosities with high spatiotemporal resolution

The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) controls multiple behaviors and is perturbed in several major brain diseases. DA is released from large populations of specialized structures called axon varicosities. Determining the DA release mechanisms at such varicosities is essential for a detailed understanding of DA biology and pathobiology but has been limited by the low spatial resolution of DA detection methods. We used a near-infrared fluorescent DA nanosensor paint, adsorbed nanosensors detecting release of dopamine (AndromeDA), to detect DA secretion from cultured murine dopaminergic neurons with high spatial and temporal resolution. We found that AndromeDA detects discrete DA release events and extracellular DA diffusion and observed that DA release varies across varicosities. To systematically detect DA release hotspots, we developed a machine learning–based analysis tool. AndromeDA permitted the simultaneous visualization of DA release for up to 100 dopaminergic varicosities, showing that DA release hotspots are heterogeneous and occur at only ∼17% of all varicosities, indicating that many varicosities are functionally silent. Using AndromeDA, we determined that DA release requires Munc13-type vesicle priming proteins, validating the utility of AndromeDA as a tool to study the molecular and cellular mechanism of DA secretion

Detection of rifampicin and izoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from Samara Region (Central Russia)

Recently high rates of tuberculosis incidence and prevalence are observed in civilian and prisons sectors in Russia. One of the main reasons for high morbidity levels and ineffectiveness of treatment is wide spreading of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, but accurate and comprehensive information on levels of drug resistance among strains circulating in Central Russia is unavailable. Rifampicin and izoniazid resistance detection in TB isolates from Samara (Central Russia) civilian and prison TB hospitals and dispensaries in 2000–2002 by revealing mutations in rpoB, katG and inhA genes using Macroarray technique. Methods: A total of 342 M. tuberculosis isolates were tested using Macroarray method. It is based on multiplex amplification of rpoB, katG and inhA genes fragments (with three pairs of biotin labeled primers) following by dothybridization with normal and mutant oligonucleotide probes (fragments of rpoB, katG and inhA genes in which mutations occur) immobilized on nylon membrane strips. Mycobacterial DNA was extracted by heating of cell suspensions following by chloroform extraction. Streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase color development system was used for visualization of results

A characteristic of the species composition of pathogenic fungi of the genus <i>Fusarium</i> in corn biocenoses of the Voronezh region

Corn is one of the main crops of modern world agriculture. It ranks f irst in terms of gross grain harvests and second in terms of acreage, ceding only to the main grain crop of the globe, wheat. The problem of increasing the production of grain and green mass of corn remains one of the urgent tasks of agricultural production. High potential yields very often remain untapped due to diseases, direct losses from which are estimated at 20–50 %. The purpose of this work was to study the species composition of micromycetes on corn collected in different phases of vegetation in May-July 2020 in the Voronezh region, to identify phytopathogenic genus Fusarium fungi, to study pathogenic and phytotoxic strains of the fungi to replenish the collection of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of a Phytopathology. Preservation of infectious material of fungi from the genus Fusarium is of no small importance for phytopathological, immunological, breeding, genetic and toxicological studies. As a result of the mycological studies carried out, a lot of fungi isolates from the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Periconia, Pythium, Trichothecium, etc., isolated from the affected roots, stems and ears of corn in the Voronezh region in 2020 were identif ied. Fungi isolates from seven taxonomic groups: Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg (F. moniliforme, F. verticillioides), Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl., Fusarium culmorum (Wm.G. Sm.) Sacc., Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, Fusarium heterosporum Nees &amp; T. Nees (F. lolii ), Fusarium roseum Link (F. sambucinum), Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. were tested for pathogenicity and phytotoxicity on seedlings of plant-testers. It has been shown that pathogenic and phytotoxic activity in fungi varies signif icantly between Fusarium species and within the same species. The greatest danger to corn is represented by the species F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. fujikuroi, F. oxysporum, F. heterosporum, which have a high intensity of phytotoxic activity associated with the fact that they contribute to the synthesis and accumulation of dangerous toxins in plant tissues. As a result of the conducted studies, 55 strains of fungi from the genus Fusarium belonging to seven species were selected. The isolates, stable in morphological and cultural characteristics and studied for pathogenicity and toxicity, were placed for long-term storage in the Russian State Collection of Plant Pathogenic Microorganisms and Cultivars for Identif ication of Phytopathogenic Microbial Strains at the All-Russian Scientif ic Research Institute of a Phytopathology

Revealing the diversity of Fusarium micromycetes in agroecosystems of the North Caucasus plains for replenishing the State Collection of Phytopathogenic Microorganisms of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of a Phytopathology

In order to prevent crop yield losses from the most dangerous and economically important pathogenic organisms, it is necessary not only to monitor the virulence gene pool, but also to study the nature of pathogen variability and determine the potential for the emergence of new genes and races. This requires centralized collections of fungal cultures characterized by a set of stable strains to provide for phytopathological, immunological, breeding, genetic, toxicological, parasitological and other studies. The State Collection of Phytopathogenic Microorganisms of the ARSRIP is the State Depository of Phytopathogenic microorganisms that are non-pathogenic to humans or farmed animals. Currently, it has more than 4,500 accessions of plant pathogenic strains of fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasmas, and the collection is updated annually. For this purpose, the study of the inter- and intraspecific genetic diversity of genus Fusarium was carried out in agricultural systems of the Krasnodar Territory. In 2020, the State Collection of Phytopathogenic Microorganisms was supplemented with 13 strains of Fusarium fungi isolated from tissues of winter wheat plants collected in several locations of the Krasnodar region. The complex of Fusarium fungi revealed on winter wheat usually included Fusarium oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. lolii, F. graminearum, F. fujikuroi, F. sporotrichioides, etc. The effect of the preceding crop on the frequency of Fusarium species isolated from winter wheat was observed. After series cloning of collected isolates, 21 strains of different fungal species characterized by stable morphology traits and known pathogenic and phytotoxic properties were selected for collection replenishment. Significant differences in pathogenic activity were revealed between fungi belonging to either the same or different species; the manifestation of this activity varied from the absence of any effect of spore suspensions on seedling development to a complete inhibition of their growth. The phytotoxic activity towards wheat seedlings varied from medium to high. Species possessing a high intensity of phytotoxic activities are the most dangerous for wheat, since they promote accumulation of dangerous phytotoxins in plant tissues

ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕ УЛЬТРАФИОЛЕТОВОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ НА ВСХОЖЕСТЬ И РОСТОВЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ СЕМЯН ПШЕНИЦЫ

Scientists did not come to a consensus when studying the influence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the crop properties and the biometrics of various crops and optimal exposure time and wavelength. The authors studied the influence of UV radiation from a source VL-6.LC with a wavelength of 365 nm for 5 and 30 min for seeds of spring and winter wheat varieties. For seeds of each variety there is the optimum amount of the absorbed radiation energy resulting in the maximum effect. The stimulating influence of UV radiation is not revealed on the seeds of wheat variety Esther having low indicators of viability. The germination of other 4 varieties increased by 1-3 percent. However, biometric indicators of all studied varieties were improved after irradiation. The weight of all varieties wheat seedlings increased after 30 min of irradiation, but especially in case of Moskovskaya 39 and Yubileynaya 100 this indicator reaches up to 20 percent. Five-minute radiation did not caused the similar effect. Height of seedlings depending on the variety is many-valued. After 30 min irradiation this indicator in case of varieties Moskovskaya 39 increased by 30 percent, and of Yubileynaya 100, Dar'ya and Afina it accrues only by 3-5 percen. Root system depend on UV radiation. Root length of all studied varieties except Dar'ya increased up to 60 percent. Therefore the UV radiation does not affect the germination of seeds of the investigated wheat varieties, but significantly changes the seedlings biometrics. It is shown that the action of ultraviolet light is selectively and highly dependent on a variety. The winter wheat Moskovskaya 39 is the most susceptible variety when ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 365 nm for 30 min.При исследовании влияния ультрафиолетового (УФ) излучения на посевные качества семян и биометрические показатели морфологических органов растений различных сельхозкультур ученые не пришли к единому мнению об оптимальных параметрах его воздействия. Мы изучили влияние ультрафиолета от источника VL-6.LC с длиной волны 365 нм в течение 5 и 30 мин на семена яровой и озимой пшеницы различных сортов. Установили, что для семян каждого сорта существует свое оптимальное количество поглощенной энергии, приводящее к максимальному эффекту. На семенах пшеницы сорта Эстер, имеющих низкие показатели всхожести, стимулирующего влияния УФ-излучения не обнаружено. Посевные показатели остальных 4 сортов пшеницы возросли на 1-3 процента. Биометрические показатели у всех исследуемых сортов после облучения улучшились. Отметили, что масса проростков пшеницы после 30 мин облучения увеличивается у всех сортов. При этом у сортов Московская 39 и Юбилейная 100 рост достигал 20 процентов. После 5 мин облучения подобного эффекта не наблюдается. Показали, что высота проростков в зависимости от сорта меняется неоднозначно. После облучения в течение 30 мин высота проростков семян сорта Московская 39 возросла на 30 процентов, а у сортов Юбилейная 100, Дарья и Афина - на 3-5 процентов. Следует отметить влияние УФ-излучения на развитие корневой системы. У всех исследуемых сортов пшеницы, за исключением сорта Дарья, существенно увеличивается длина корней - на 26-60 процентов. Из проведенного эксперимента следует, что УФ-излучение мало влияет на всхожесть семян исследуемых сортов пшеницы, но значительно изменяет биометрические показатели проростков. Установили, что действие УФ-излучения избирательно и зависит от сорта культуры. Самым восприимчивым сортом при облучении длиной волны 365 нм в течение 30 мин оказался сорт озимой пшеницы Московская 39

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ УГЛЕВОДОВ В КЛУБНЯХ ТОПИНАМБУРА В ПРОЦЕССЕ ВЕГЕТАЦИИ

Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is rich in vitamins, carbohydrates, fiber. Tubers of Jerusalem artichoke consist valuable  substance inulin, which has a complex of health properties. Breeders create new hybrids and varieties of Jerusalem artichoke to increase the content of nutrients, productivity and climate resilience. The authors analysed moisture content, dry residue and fractional  composition of carbohydrates in the tubers of Jerusalem artichoke  varieties Skorospelka and Sireniki and the hybrids PBB and PBK in  various phases of vegetation. In the flowering stage the moisture of  the tubers of the investigated varieties was in the range of 77.2-81.3 percent, the value of dry residue of nutrients was 18.7-22.8 percent. The greatest number of non-reducing and total sugars in  the flowering stage contained in the tuber varieties of Sireniki and was equaled 78.3 and 61.8 percent, respectively. A similar analysis was conducted in the maturation phase. In this phase the solids  content slightly increased and amounted to 22.9-26.2 percent. Non- reducing sugars content, including inulin, increased in all the studied samples of Jerusalem artichoke. However, the greatest values of 72  percent were noted for variety Sireniki and hybrid PBK. The content  of inulin depends on the phase of the growing season and the  varietal characteristics of Jerusalem artichoke and the absence of decisive superiority of the hybrids.Топинамбур (Helianthus tuberosus L.) – сельскохозяйственная культура, богатая витаминами, углеводами, клетчаткой. Из клубней топинамбура получают ценное вещество – инулин,  который обладает комплексом полезных свойств. С целью повышения содержания  питательных веществ, урожайности и климатической устойчивости селекционеры создают  новые сорта и гибриды топинамбура. Проведен анализ на содержание влаги, сухого остатка и фракционного состава углеводов в клубнях топинамбура сортов Сиреники и  Скороспелка, а также в гибридах ПББ и ПБК в разные фазы вегетации. Определено, что в  фазе цветения влажность клубней исследуемых сортов находилась в пределах 77,2-81,3  процента, величина сухого остатка питательных веществ составила 18,7-22,8 процента.  Установлено, что наибольшее количество общих и нередуцирующих сахаров в фазе  цветения содержится в клубнях сорта Сиреники – 78,3 и 61,8 процента соответственно.  Аналогичный анализ проведен на клубнях топинамбура исследуемых сортов и гибридов в  фазе созревания. В этот период содержание сухого остатка несколько увеличилось и составило 22,9-26,2 процента. Отмечено повышение количества нередуцирующих сахаров (в том числе инулина), для всех изученных образцов топинамбура. Однако наибольшие  значения (72 процента) зафиксированы у сорта Сиреники и гибрида ПБК. Определено, что  содержание инулина зависит от фазы вегетации и от сортовых особенностей топинамбура при отсутствии явного превосходства гибридов

ПРЕДПОСЕВНАЯ ОБРАБОТКА СЕМЯН ПОДСОЛНЕЧНИКА, СОИ И КУКУРУЗЫ НИЗКОЧАСТОТНЫМ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНЫМ ИЗЛУЧЕНИЕМ

Pre-sowing  seed treatment by various energy methods is used as an effective way of stimulating the seed material. (Research purpose) The authors have studied the effect of a low-frequency electromagnetic field on the seed properties of sunflower (Helianthus), soybean (Glycine max) and maize (Zea mays L.) seeds. (Materials and methods) Parameters of the electromagnetic field: induction of 16 mT, pulse repetition rate of 16 Hertz I; exposure time of 15 and 20 minutes. The experiment has been conducted in two stages. The first stage is the determination of the germination and germination energy of irradiated and non-irradiated seeds, as well as the biometric characteristics of seedlings: the mass of stems and leaves, the length and mass of the root system. The second stage is the phenological observations of the growth and development of plants according to the phases of their development in the VIM climatic chamber. (Results and discussion) It has been shown that the sowing qualities of maize seeds after 15 min of irradiation are higher than the control ones. It has been determined that germination energy has increased by 10 percent as compared to the control sample, germination by 8 percent, seedling weight by 6.4 percent, weight of stems and leaves by 16, root system by 3.4 and stem height by 30 percent. It has been found that there is no influence of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation on the germination of soybeans both in the laboratory and in the climate chamber. It has been found that at the end of the growing season, the mass of plants irradiated for 20 minutes has turned out to be greater than the control values by 20%, the root mass by 25%, and the root length by 16%. The authors have determined that the treatment of sunflower seeds (Helianthus) with a low-frequency electromagnetic field has no stimulating effect on germination energy and germination capacity, but contributes to an increase in the mass of plants when they are grown in a phytotron. It has been calculated that a 15-minute irradiation of sunflower seeds before sowing resulted in an increase in the mass of plants by 34.9%; the mass of the root system – by 22%; length of roots – by 3.65%; the head (anthodium)  diameter – by 5.3% and their weights – by 25.3 %. (Conclusions) The response of plants to the energy impact depends on the type of crop. It has been determined that low-frequency magnetic radiation without changing the sowing properties of seeds can positively influence the growth and development of plants.Предпосевная обработка семян различными энергетическими методами применяется как эффективный способ пробуждения семенного материала. (Цель исследования) Рассмотреть  влияние низкочастотного электромагнитного поля на посевные свойства семян подсолнечника (Helianthus), сои (Glycine max) и кукурузы (Zea mays L.). (Материалы и методы) Параметры электромагнитного поля: индукция 16 миллитесла, частота следования импульсов 16 герц; время воздействия 15 и 20 минут. Провели эксперимент в два этапа. Первый этап – определение энергии прорастания и всхожести облученных и необлученных семян, а также биометрических показателей проростков: массы стеблей и листьев, длины и массы корневой системы. Второй этап – фенологические наблюдения за ростом растений по фазам их развития в климатической камере ВИМ. (Результаты и обсуждение) Показали, что посевные качества семян кукурузы после 15 минут облучения выше контрольных. Определили, что энергия прорастания по сравнению с контролем увеличилась на 10 процентов, всхожесть – на 8, масса проростка – на 6,4 процента, масса стеблей и листьев – на 16, корневой системы – на 3,4 и высота стебля – на 30 процентов. Обнаружили отсутствие влияния низкочастотного электромагнитного излучения на всхожесть сои как в лабораторных условиях, так и в климатической камере. Установили, что по завершении вегетационного периода масса растений, облученных в течение 20 минут, оказалась больше контрольных значений на 20 процентов, масса корней – на 25, их длина – на 16 процентов. Определили, что обработка семян подсолнечника (Helianthus) низкочастотным электромагнитным полем не оказала стимулирующего действия на энергию прорастания и всхожесть, но способствовала увеличению массы растений при их выращивании в фитотроне. Рассчитали, что 15-минутное облучение семян подсолнечника перед посевом привело к увеличению массы растений на 34,9 процента; массы корневой системы – на 22; длины корней – на 3,65; диаметра корзинок – на 5,3 и их массы – на 25,3 процента. (Выводы) Отклик растений на энергетическое воздействие зависит от вида сельскохозяйственной культуры. Выявили, что низкочастотное магнитное излучение, не изменяя посевные свойства семян, может положительно влиять на рост и развитие растений

Prophylaxis of scoliosis using “elbow limiter” device in younger schoolchildren

This article is devoted to the growing problem of childhood and adolescent scoliosis, one of the main reasons for which is the incorrect placement of the child’s elbows on the working surface. Based on this, the devices for the prevention and treatment of scoliosis, which are currently available all over the world, are analyzed. The device was designed "Elbow Limiter". Presents data from a survey of parents of schoolchildren regarding the possibility of using the device in schools and / or at home.Данная статья поcвящена нарастающей проблеме детского и подpосткового cколиоза, одной из главных причин которого является непpавильное расположeние локтей ребенка на рабочей поверхности. На основании этого проанализированы приспособления для профилактики и лечения сколиоза, имеющиеся на сегодняшний день во всем мире. Был сконструирован прибор «Локтевой лимитер». Представлены данные опроса родителей школьников относительно возможности использования прибора в школах и/или дома

Intelligent management of supply chains and outsourcing in mechanical engineering under "industry 4.0" conditions

© 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved. Mechanical engineering industry has recently been seriously affected by achievements and progress of artificial intelligence and by extremely rapid evolution of Industry 4.0. Considering that the market will rapidly change in the coming decades, the only way to preserve and strengthen market positions for enterprises, is the transformation of production processes within the framework of new technological trends and integrated networked cluster ecosystems

IMPACT OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH PROCESSES OF WHEAT SEEDS

Scientists did not come to a consensus when studying the influence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the crop properties and the biometrics of various crops and optimal exposure time and wavelength. The authors studied the influence of UV radiation from a source VL-6.LC with a wavelength of 365 nm for 5 and 30 min for seeds of spring and winter wheat varieties. For seeds of each variety there is the optimum amount of the absorbed radiation energy resulting in the maximum effect. The stimulating influence of UV radiation is not revealed on the seeds of wheat variety Esther having low indicators of viability. The germination of other 4 varieties increased by 1-3 percent. However, biometric indicators of all studied varieties were improved after irradiation. The weight of all varieties wheat seedlings increased after 30 min of irradiation, but especially in case of Moskovskaya 39 and Yubileynaya 100 this indicator reaches up to 20 percent. Five-minute radiation did not caused the similar effect. Height of seedlings depending on the variety is many-valued. After 30 min irradiation this indicator in case of varieties Moskovskaya 39 increased by 30 percent, and of Yubileynaya 100, Dar'ya and Afina it accrues only by 3-5 percen. Root system depend on UV radiation. Root length of all studied varieties except Dar'ya increased up to 60 percent. Therefore the UV radiation does not affect the germination of seeds of the investigated wheat varieties, but significantly changes the seedlings biometrics. It is shown that the action of ultraviolet light is selectively and highly dependent on a variety. The winter wheat Moskovskaya 39 is the most susceptible variety when ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 365 nm for 30 min