3,979 research outputs found
Corporate Social Responsibility: International Perspectives
In this introduction to the special issue, we provide a brief review of the CSR literature with attention to some of the difficulties in globalizing the existing CSR concepts. Following this we provide a brief summary of each of the four papers that comprise the special issue, with emphasis on the unique contribution of each.
Corporate Social Responsibility: Strategic Implications
We describe a variety of perspectives on corporate social responsibility (CSR), which we use to develop a framework for consideration of the strategic implications of CSR. Based on this framework, we propose an agenda for additional theoretical and empirical research on CSR. We then review the papers in this special issue and relate them to the proposed agenda.
Ultrasonic locating devices for central venous cannulation: meta-analysis
OBJECTIVES: To assess the evidence for the clinical
effectiveness of ultrasound guided central venous
cannulation.
DATA SOURCES: 15 electronic bibliographic databases,
covering biomedical, science, social science, health
economics, and grey literature.
DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of
randomised controlled trials.
POPULATIONS: Patients scheduled for central venous
access.
INTERVENTION REVIEWED: Guidance using real time two
dimensional ultrasonography or Doppler needles and
probes compared with the anatomical landmark
method of cannulation.
DATA EXTRACTION: Risk of failed catheter placement
(primary outcome), risk of complications from
placement, risk of failure on first attempt at
placement, number of attempts to successful
catheterisation, and time (seconds) to successful
catheterisation.
DATA SYNTHESIS: 18 trials (1646 participants) were
identified. Compared with the landmark method, real
time two dimensional ultrasound guidance for
cannulating the internal jugular vein in adults was
associated with a significantly lower failure rate both
overall (relative risk 0.14, 95% confidence interval
0.06 to 0.33) and on the first attempt (0.59, 0.39 to
0.88). Limited evidence favoured two dimensional
ultrasound guidance for subclavian vein and femoral
vein procedures in adults (0.14, 0.04 to 0.57 and 0.29,
0.07 to 1.21, respectively). Three studies in infants
confirmed a higher success rate with two dimensional
ultrasonography for internal jugular procedures (0.15,
0.03 to 0.64). Doppler guided cannulation of the
internal jugular vein in adults was more successful
than the landmark method (0.39, 0.17 to 0.92), but the
landmark method was more successful for subclavian
vein procedures (1.48, 1.03 to 2.14). No significant
difference was found between these techniques for
cannulation of the internal jugular vein in infants. An
indirect comparison of relative risks suggested that
two dimensional ultrasonography would be more
successful than Doppler guidance for subclavian vein
procedures in adults (0.09, 0.02 to 0.38).
CONCLUSIONS: Evidence supports the use of two
dimensional ultrasonography for central venous
cannulation
Observing mergers of non-spinning black-hole binaries
Advances in the field of numerical relativity now make it possible to
calculate the final, most powerful merger phase of binary black-hole
coalescence for generic binaries. The state of the art has advanced well beyond
the equal-mass case into the unequal-mass and spinning regions of parameter
space. We present a study of the nonspinning portion of parameter space,
primarily using an analytic waveform model tuned to available numerical data,
with an emphasis on observational implications. We investigate the impact of
varied mass ratio on merger signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for several
detectors, and compare our results with expectations from the test-mass limit.
We note a striking similarity of the waveform phasing of the merger waveform
across the available mass ratios. Motivated by this, we calculate the match
between our 1:1 (equal mass) and 4:1 mass-ratio waveforms during the merger as
a function of location on the source sky, using a new formalism for the match
that accounts for higher harmonics. This is an indicator of the amount of
degeneracy in mass ratio for mergers of moderate-mass-ratio systems.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.
From Small-Scale Dynamo to Isotropic MHD Turbulence
We consider the problem of incompressible, forced, nonhelical, homogeneous,
isotropic MHD turbulence with no mean magnetic field. This problem is
essentially different from the case with externally imposed uniform mean field.
There is no scale-by-scale equipartition between magnetic and kinetic energies
as would be the case for the Alfven-wave turbulence. The isotropic MHD
turbulence is the end state of the turbulent dynamo which generates folded
fields with small-scale direction reversals. We propose that the statistics
seen in numerical simulations of isotropic MHD turbulence could be explained as
a superposition of these folded fields and Alfven-like waves that propagate
along the folds.Comment: kluwer latex, 7 pages, 7 figures; Proceedings of the International
Workshop "Magnetic Fields and Star Formation: Theory vs. Observations",
Madrid, 21-25 April 2003 -- published version (but the e-print is free of
numerous typos introduced by the publisher
LISA Parameter Estimation using Numerical Merger Waveforms
Coalescing supermassive black holes are expected to provide the strongest sources for gravitational radiation detected by LISA. Recent advances in numerical relativity provide a detailed description of the waveforms of such signals. We present a preliminary study of LISA's sensitivity to waveform parameters using a hybrid numerical/analytic waveform describing the coalescence of two equal-mass, nonspinning black holes. The Synthetic LISA software package is used to simulate the instrument response and the Fisher information matrix method is used to estimate errors in the waveform parameters. Initial results indicate that inclusion of the merger signal can significantly improve the precision of some parameter estimates. For example, the median parameter errors for an ensemble of systems with total redshifted mass of 10(exp 6) deg M solar mass at a redshift of z is approximately 1 were found to decrease by a factor of slightly more than two when the merger was included
Investigating Mitophagy and Mitochondrial Morphology In Vivo Using mito-QC:A Comprehensive Guide
Fluid resuscitation in adults with severe burns at risk of secondary abdominal compartment syndrome—An evidence based systematic review
Background: Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome (sACS) in adults with severe
burns is commonly unsuspected, can be rapidly fatal and seriously compromises the
reliability of urine output as an indicator of perfusion and resuscitation status. Current
literature lacks an exhaustive, evidence-based review critically appraising all retrieved
literature on which clinical decisions may be based.
Methods: The evidence on three inter-related concepts was evaluated: fluid-volume management
and its contribution to sACS; the role of urinary bladder pressure monitoring; and
awareness of the burns community to sACS. Literature published over the last ten years
across the major databases was retrieved, and the search strategy was fully reported to
reduce the retrieval bias ubiquitous in previous literature. Each article was individually
appraised and classified into a framework of evidence, enabling the formulation of specific,
graded recommendations.
Results: Current best evidence supports recommendations to reduce fluid-volume administered
through use of colloids or hypertonic saline especially if the projected resuscitation
volume surpasses a ‘volume ceiling’. Continuous intra-vesical monitoring is recommended:
to guide fluid resuscitation for early diagnosis of sACS; and as a guide to reliability of urine
output as indicator of organ perfusion. A priming volume of 75 cm3 or less is recommended.
Conclusion: Fluid resuscitation volume is causative to sACS, especially once a predetermined
maxima is reached. Continuous intra-vesical pressure monitoring is a cheap, reliable, userfriendly
monitoringmethod recommended in high-risk patients. Poor awareness among the
burns community requires urgent dissemination of evidence based information
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