Management of burns wound comparative analysis

INTRODUCTION: Ever since man discovered fire he also accidentally burnt himself. India has an ancient culture where the fire is worshipped traditionally. It is probably the potential fury of an unharnessed fire that made man bow before it. Burns are among the oldest injuries that man still suffers from. The burn injury can be one of the most serious and devasting forms of trauma that man can sustain. A burn injury not only destroys the cutaneous barrier but it also leads to profound changes in almost all other organ systems so much so, burn injury has been considered to be the “Universal Trauma Model”. Millions of people around the world are hospitalized for the treatment of burns each year and thousands die. The daily cost of care for a burn victim is tremendous. The economic loss to any nation is staggering and must be measured not only in currency but in the permanent loss of millions of productive years. Painful and lengthy hospitalization, multiple stages of surgery, permanent disfigurement and disability, prolonged rehabilitation, loss of income and job and enormous financial burden are some of the horrors looming large over the burn victims. AIM OF STUDY: The aim of the study is to compare and analyze the outcome of two methods of Burn Wound Care viz. 1. Open Exposure method vs 2. Closed collagen method (using collagen membrane as temporary cover). The study and results are being analyzed in terms of 1. Mortality differences, 2. Morbidity differences: _ Fluid and electrolytes loss. _ Pain relief. _ Wound infection. _ Wound healing and contraction. _ Duration of hospital stay. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This is a prospective clinical trial and the study period extends from 2010 to 2013. Patient selection: Of all the burns patients admitted to Thanjavur Medical College Hospital and Rajah Mirasudar Hospital, Thanjavur Medical College, Thanjavur, during the above said period 60 patients were selected based on the following selection criteria and these patients are subjected to this clinical trial. 1. Patients aged 50 years or less than 50 years. 2. Patients having burns of less than 50% TBSA. 3. Patients having no or mild inhalation injury. 4. Patients who do not have any cardiopulmonary compromise. 5. Patients who reached the hospital before the end of 24 hours since injury. Selected patients were divided into two groups (Group I and Group II) with each group having 30 patients. Each group contained 24 adult patients and 6 paediatric patients. CONCLUSION: This study is a small sample clinical trial. The conclusions drawn up here are purely based on the statistical data obtained in the trial. These inferences may need further elucidation by larger clinical trials and follow up. The comparative analysis of two methods of early burn wound care viz. 1. Open Exposure method vs 2. Closed collagen method – using collagen as temporary cover resulted in the following conclusions. 3. There was no change in the mortality rate of both group patients studied. Mere application of collagen cover to the burn wound did not alter the mortality rate. 4. The pain relief was generally dramatic and continuous in patients treated with collagen membrane as a temporary cover to the burn wound than the patient treated by open method. 5. The need of analgesics, sedatives and anxiolytics was more in patients treated by conventional open method than the patients treated with collagen. 6. Fluid requirement in the form of intravenous fluids during the post resuscitation period was more in patients treated with open method than the patients treated with collagen cover as fluid and electrolyte loss was comparatively less in these patients. 7. Enteral feeding was started comparatively earlier in the collagen group than the patients treated with open method. 8. Burn wound infection was prevalent in all the patients studied but the onset of infection was delayed and intensity of burn wound infection was relatively less in patients studied with collagen than the patient treated by open method. 9. The wound infection should be carefully monitored if collagen is applied as there is always a small risk of hidden submembrane infection, which may be overlooked, posing a danger of severe sepsis. 10. There was no observable change in the healing of First degree burns in both groups. But the healing time was relatively quick following collagen application in the second and Third degree burn areas. 11. Duration of the hospital stay was also comparatively less in patients treated with collagen cover

MAJORIZATION OF MATRICES

It is shown that under certain conditions the column majorization of matrices is reversed for the column majorization of their corresponding Moore-Penrose inverses and preserved for the column majorization of their powers. The condition for column majorization of block matrices is determined

Spectral fluctuation characterization of random matrix ensembles through wavelets

A recently developed wavelet based approach is employed to characterize the scaling behavior of spectral fluctuations of random matrix ensembles, as well as complex atomic systems. Our study clearly reveals anti-persistent behavior and supports the Fourier power spectral analysis. It also finds evidence for multi-fractal nature in the atomic spectra. The multi-resolution and localization nature of the discrete wavelets ideally characterizes the fluctuations in these time series, some of which are not stationary.Comment: 7 pages, 2 eps figure

Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman and NMR) and NBO analysis of 3, 4-dimethylanisole by density functional method

Combined experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted on the molecular structure and vibrational, spectra of 3, 4-dimethyl anisole (DMA). The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of DMA have been recorded in the solid phase. The molecular geometry and vibrational frequencies of DMA in the ground state have been calculated by using the ab-initio Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional methods (B3LYP) invoking 6-31+G (d,p) basis set. The optimized geometric bond lengths and bond angles obtained by HF method shows best agreement with the experimental values. Comparison of the observed fundamental vibrational frequencies of DMA with calculated results by HF and density functional methods indicates that B3LYP is superior to the scaled HF approach for molecular vibrational problems. The difference between the observed and scaled wave number values of most of the fundamental is very small. The thermodynamic functions and atomic change of the title compound has also been performed at HF/B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theories. A detailed interpretation of the FT-IR, FT-Raman, NMR spectra of DMA has also been reported. The theoretical spectrograms for infrared and Raman spectra of the title molecule have been constructed. The thermodynamic function of the title compound has also been performed at HF/6-31+G (d,p) and B3LYP/6-31+G (d,p) level of theories. Natural bond orbital analysis has been carried out to explain the change transfer or delocalization of change due to the intra-molecular interactions. Energy of the highest occupied molecular (HOMO) orbital and lowest unoccupied (LUMO) molecular orbital have been predicted

Effect of organic mulches and foliar spray of kaolin on NPK uptake in enhancing yield and economics of dry land maize (Zea mays L.)

The hot and semi-arid region is prone to meteorological droughts; the lack of rain is frequently accompanied by hot temperatures, strong winds, and low humidity, which has the impact of limiting nutrient uptake and agricultural yields. To overcome this problem a field study conducted during June, 2020 kharif season at farmers field, Chinna Dudyala village, Muddanur, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh aimed to determine the effect of organic mulches and foliar spray of kaolin on NPK uptake in enhancing yield and economics of dry land maize (Zea mays). One of the most important techniques for preserving soil moisture was mulching, which also reduces evapotranspiration when anti-transpirants are used. The experiment comprised nine treatments (T1 to T9) with four types of organic mulches viz., Paddy straw, Ground-nut haulm, Coir-pith, and Sugarcane trash, with foliar spray of kaolin intervals on 40 DAS, 20 & 40 DAS and farmers practice to minimize water stress and improve the nutrient uptake by plant. Among the application of the treatments, coir-pith mulch + foliar spray of kaolin @ 3.0% (T6) on 20 DAS & 40 DAS had significant effect on NPK uptake with N (187.15 kg ha-1), P (69.60 kg ha-1) and K (156.22 kg ha-1) and enhanced grain yield (6976 kg ha-1) and stover yield (10980 kg ha-1), highest gross returns (138034 ₹. ha-1) and BCR (2.63) and was superior to all the other treatments. The present study would help to effectively utilise the available resources, enhance growth and productivity in maize crop and to make economically viable to the farmers of semi-arid regions

Tribal farmers' perceived constraints in the adoption of good dairy farming practices in the northern hills zone of Chhattisgarh, India

This study was carried out during the year 2014-15 to explore the perceived constraints encountered by the tribal dairy farmers in the successful adoption of Good Dairy Farming Practices (GDFPs). Out of 27 districts in Chhattisgarh, three tribal populated districts were selected for this study from northern hills zone of the state and totally 300 respondents were selected for constraints analysis. The study revealed that 55.33 % of the tribal farmers realised that insufficient knowledge and awareness towards good dairy farming practices is the major constraints in the adoption process, majority (70.00 %) of the tribal farmers perceived that lack of progeny tested superior bulls for AI and natural service are the main constraint in the adoption of good breeding practices, about (75.70 %) of the tribal farmers expressed the higher cost of concentrates, mineral mixtures and vitamin supplements are the main constraints in the adoption of good feeding practices, majority (70.70 %) of the tribal farmers responded that less number of veterinary hospitals in their locality is the main constraints and its ranks first in the healthcare constraints list, little less than three-fourths (67.67 %) of the tribal farmers articulated that lack of advanced farm machineries (portable milking unit) for small dairy holders is the main constraints in the adoption of good management practices and about three-fourths (75.30 %) of the tribal farmers conveyed that the lack of insurance for longer period is the main constraints and tops in the socio-economic constraints. This constraints study will be highly useful to policy makers and the scientific community to assess the dairy production technologies for refinement and appropriate strategies can be formulated to promote tribal dairying from subsistence level to intensive in order to increase the income from dairy sector

Effect of Industrial Effluent on the Growth of Marine Diatom, Chaetoceros simplex (Ostenfeld, 1901)

The marine centric diatom,Chaetoceros simplex (Ostenfeld, 1901) was exposed to five different concentrations of industrial effluent for 96 hrs to investigate the effect on growth. The physico-chemical parameters viz. colour, odour, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, inorganic phosphate, total phosphorous, reactive  silicate, calcium and magnesium were estimated in the effluent. The Ammonia  (326 μg. L-1), Nitrite (19.53 μg. L-1) and Nitrate (471.4 μg. L-1) were observed at higher levels. About 50% of the cell density of C. simplex reached a lesser dilutions of effluent viz. 1:625 and 1:1250 than the control. The highest cell density (14.3 × 104 cell ml-1) was recorded in 1:10000 diluted effluent followed by control and the lowest cell density was observed in 1:625 diluted effluents. From the results, it is evidenced that the lower volume of effluent discharge into higher volume of water could not affect the growth rate of phytoplankton. It is more important that to reduce the effect of pollution and environmental sustainability. @JASEMJ. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. December, 2010, Vol. 14 (4) 35 - 3

Dezincification of Brass in Sulfide Polluted Sodium Chloride Medium: Evaluation of the Effectiveness of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole

The present paper addresses the effectiveness of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) in preventing the dezincification of brass in sulfide polluted 3.5% NaCl solution. The dezincification behaviour of brass in 3.5% NaCl solution containing 100-1000 ppm of sulfide ions and 1 x 10-6 to 1 x 10-3 M MBT was studied by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, current-time transient and accelerated leaching studies. The presence of sulfide ions in 3.5% NaCl solution has caused a significant increase in the extent of corrosion attack on brass. The inhibiting effect of MBT is markedly reduced in the presence of sulfide ions in the medium. The easy replacement of Cu-MBT complex by Cu2S film on the surface of brass is responsible for the inability of MBT to prevent corrosion attack in the presence of sulfide ions. The study concludes that the effectiveness of MBT in preventing the dezincification of brass is dependent on the concentration of the sulfide ions in the medium and the effectiveness is nullified at higher concentrations of sulfide ions