Einfluss der Kleegras-Nutzung auf die N-Versorgung und Ertragsleistung marktfähiger Folgefrüchte

Im Rahmen des Forschungsschwerpunktes „Ökologischer Landbau und extensive Landnutzungssysteme“ wurden auf dem Versuchsgut für Ökologischen Landbau der Universität Kiel (Lindhof) in den Jahren 1999-2003 Untersuchungen zur Optimierung des N-Transfers vom Kleegras zur Folgefrucht Getreide durchgeführt. Als Versuchsfaktoren wurde die Kleegras-Bewirtschaftung (3x Schnittgutabfuhr, 2x Schnittgutabfuhr + 1x Mulchen, 3x Mulchen), die Umbruchart (Pflug, Fräse + Pflug), der Umbruchtermin (Herbstumbruch/ Winterweizen, Frühjahrsumbruch/ Sommerweizen bzw. Hafer) und eine organische Düngung zu EC 45 (0, 75 kg N/ha) geprüft. Die Kleegras-Bewirtschaftung beeinflusste nicht den Kornertrag von Winterweizen (Ø 48,4 dt/ha), Sommerweizen (Ø 46,6 dt/ha) und Hafer (Ø 58,5 dt/ha). Dagegen bewirkte die Kleegras-Stoppelbearbeitung eine Ertragssteigerung beim Sommerweizen (+ 3,9 dt/ha) und die Gülledüngung einen positiven Effekt auf den Kornertrag von Winterweizen (+ 5,9 dt/ha). Im Vergleich zur Kleegras-Überwinterung erhöhte der Herbstumbruch die NO3-N-Fracht im Sickerwasser um 16 kg N/ha. Die vollständige Schnittgutabfuhr reduzierte sowohl bei Kleegras-Überwinterung als auch bei Herbstumbruch die NO3-N-Fracht im Sickerwasser. In der zweiten Sickerwasserperiode nach der Kleegras-Bewirtschaftung war die NO3-N-Fracht im Sickerwasser nach Sommerweizen höher als nach Winterweizen und konnte durch den Anbau der Zwischenfrucht Gelbsenf signifikant gesenkt werden

Pflanzen für die Gesundheit-Vorstellung eines neuen interdisziplinären Forschungsprojektes zum ökologischen Anbau von Arzneipflanzen

Ecologically grown medicinal plants containing bioactive compounds hold great poten-tial as high-value niche crops for farmers. However, the way to grow these plants differs from traditional crops. Growing techniques, harvest methods and postharvest handling of the raw material plays a crucial role regarding the quality of the raw material that the farmers can offer. The purpose of a new research project financed by EU-Interreg IIIA programme is among other things to carry out production, harvest and processing experiments with plants containing bioactive plant compounds that hold a preventive effect toward diabetes II. One of the project´s goals is to draw up cultivation instructions for the primary producers to use when cultivating the plants in question. Examples of the plants that are being examined in the project are Goat´s Rue (Galega officinalis) and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)

Winter wheat roots grow twice as deep as spring wheat roots, is this important for N uptake and N leaching losses?

Cropping systems comprising winter catch crops followed by spring wheat could reduce N leaching risks compared to traditional winter wheat systems in humid climates. We studied the soil mineral N (Ninorg) and root growth of winter- and spring wheat to 2.5 m depth during three years. Root depth of winter wheat (2.2 m) was twice that of spring wheat, and this was related to much lower amounts of Ninorg in the 1 to 2.5 m layer after winter wheat (81 kg Ninorg ha-1 less). When growing winter catch crops before spring wheat, N content in the 1 to 2.5 m layer after spring wheat was not different from that after winter wheat. The results suggest that by virtue of its deep rooting, winter wheat may not lead to high levels of leaching as it is often assumed in humid climates. Deep soil and root measurements (below 1 m) in this experiment were essential to answer the questions we posed

ARTEMIN Promotes De Novo Angiogenesis in ER Negative Mammary Carcinoma through Activation of TWIST1-VEGF-A Signalling

10.1371/journal.pone.0050098PLoS ONE711

Grain Yield, N2 Fixation and N Balance of Peas, Faba Beans and Narrow-Leafed Lupins in Monocrop and in Intercropping with Cereals

In einem zweijährigen Feldversuch wurden die drei Körnerleguminosenarten Erbsen (Pisum sativum L.), Ackerbohnen (Vicia faba L.) und Schmalblättrige Lupinen (Lupinus angustifolius L.) in Reinsaat und im Gemenge mit Getreide (Erbsen-Sommergerste- (EG), Ackerbohnen-Hafer- (AH), Lupinen- Sommergerste-Gemenge (LG)) auf die Merkmale Kornertragsleistung, Ernterückstandsmenge, N2-Fixierungsleistung und N-Flächenbilanz geprüft. Die N2-Fixierungsleistung wurde mit der erweiterten Differenzmethode bestimmt. Als Referenzbestände dienten Sommergerste- (Hordeum vulgare L.) und Haferreinsaaten (Avena sativa L.). Die höchsten Kornerträge erzielte die Erbsenreinsaat mit 41 dt TM ha-1, gefolgt von der Ackerbohnenreinsaat mit 32 dt TM ha-1 und Lupinenreinsaat mit 12 dt TM ha-1, wobei die höchsten Korn-RP-Gehalte von den Lupinen erzielt wurden. Die höchsten Leguminosenanteile im Gemenge wurden mit durchschnittlich 61% bei der Kombination EG gefunden, gefolgt von LG mit 50% und AH mit 37%. Bei den Mischanbauvarianten lagen die Relative-Yield-Total Werte (RYT-) zwischen 1,16-1,41, wobei im Jahr 2002 höhere RYT gefunden wurden als 2001. Im zweiten Versuchsjahr war infolge eines Blattlausbefalles ein Ertragsrückgang im Mittel über alle Leguminosenbestände von durchschnittlich 30% zu verzeichnen, der bei den Gemengevarianten nicht so stark ausgeprägt war, wie bei den Körnerleguminosenreinsaaten. Die Ernterückstandsmengen bzw. -N-Mengen setzten sich zu 89% aus der Stroh- und Stoppelfraktion zusammen und lagen über alle Leguminosenbestände zwischen 496-842 g OM m-2 bzw. 4,6-14,8 g N m-2. Die N2-Fixierungsleistung bewegte sich in einem Bereich von 9,8-20,0 g N m-2. Mit Ausnahme der Lupinenbestände fanden sich enge Beziehungen zwischen den Kornerträgen bzw. Korn-N-Entzügen und der N2-Fixierungsleistung.The objective of this study was to compare grain yield, residual organic matter, N amount in residuals, N2 fixation and N balance of peas (Pisum sativum L.), faba beans (Vicia faba L.) and narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) in monocrop and in intercropping with cereals (pea-barley (EG), faba bean-oats (AH), narrow-leafed lupin- barley (LG)). The N2-fixation was estimated using the extended difference method, with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) in pure stand as reference crops. The highest grain yield of the legumes in monocrop was found for peas with 4,1 t DM ha-1, followed by faba beans with 3,2 t DM ha-1 and lupins with 1,2 t DM ha-1, whereas lupins achieved the highest crude protein content in the grain. EG reached with 61% the highest legume content of the intercropping followed by LG with 50% and AH with 37%. The Relative Yield Total (RYT-) values of the intercropping ranged from 1,16 to 1,41 and the RYT in 2002 was higher than in 2001. The yield level of all legume crops in the year 2002 was 30% lower than in 2001 due to infestation with aphids but the yield depression in the intercropping was generally lower than in monocropped grain legumes. The residuals of all legume crops reached an amount of 496-842 g OM m-2 and 4,6-14,8 g N m-2. The biggest part of the residual organic matter and the N amount of the residuals came with 89% from the straw and stubble fraction. N2-fixation of the grain legumes ranged from 9,8 to 20,0 g N m-2. Except for the lupins close relationships were found between grain yield and N amount in the grain respectively and the N2 fixation

Development of Whole Crop Yield and Quality of Different Grain Legumes in Monocrop and in Intercropping with Cereals

In einem zweijährigen Feldversuch wurden die drei Körnerleguminosenarten Erbsen (Pisum sativum L.), Ackerbohnen (Vicia faba L.) und Blaue Lupinen (Lupinus angustifolius L.) in Reinsaat oder im Gemenge mit Getreide (Erbsen-Sommergerste- (EG), Ackerbohnen-Hafer- (AH), Blaue Lupinen-Sommergerste- (LG) Gemenge) und die Vergleichsbestände Sommergerste- (Hordeum vulgare L.) und Haferreinsaat (Avena sativa L.) auf eine Nutzung der Ganzpflanze zur Grobfuttergewinnung geprüft. Untersucht wurde die Sprossmassebildung (SM-) sowie die Entwicklung der Trockensubstanzgehalte (TS-), der Rohproteinerträge (RP-) und RP–Gehalte bzw. der Nettoenergielaktationserträge (NEL-) und NEL-Gehalte in der Sprossmasse während des Zuwachsverlaufes. Die Beobachtung des SM-Zuwachsverlaufes erfolgte bei den Erbsen-, Ackerbohnen- und Getreidevarianten bis zur Kornreife (BBCH 99) und bei den Lupinenbeständen bis zum Beginn der Kornreife (BBCH 85). Die maximalen Sprossmasseerträge (SM-) der drei Körnerleguminosenreinsaaten lagen mit 900-970 g TM m-2 auf einem ähnlichen Niveau, wobei die Erbsenreinsaat aufgrund der schnelleren phänologischen Entwicklung ihre maximale Ertragsleistung eher erreichte als Ackerbohnenund Lupinenreinsaat. Im fortschreitenden Zuwachsverlauf waren bei Ackerbohnen- und Lupinenreinsaat höhere RP-Gehalte in der Sprossmasse zu verzeichnen, während umgekehrt bei der Erbsenreinsaat höhere TS- und NEL-Gehalte gefunden wurden. Während die Gemengevarianten EG und AH im Vergleich zu den jeweiligen Reinsaaten ähnliche SM- und NEL-Erträge erzielten, erreichte das LG-Gemenge höhere SM- und NEL-Erträge als die Lupinenreinsaat. Generell wiesen die Gemengevarianten im Zuwachsverlauf im Vergleich zu den Körnerleguminosenreinsaaten höhere TS- und niedrigere RP-Gehalte bzw. RP-Erträge auf. Bei der Gemengezusammensetzung waren die höchsten Leguminosenanteile mit 70-80% beim EG-Gemenge zu verzeichnen im Vergleich zu AH mit 20-40% und LG mit 20-50%. Während die SM-Erträge und RP-Gehalte von Sommergerste- und Haferreinsaat während des Zuwachsverlaufes gleich waren, zeigte sich ab Beginn Blüte (BBCH 61) eine Differenzierung der NEL-Gehalte zugunsten der Sommergerste. Generell erwiesen sich die Bestände mit Erbsen (Erbsenreinsaat und EG) aufgrund konstanter NEL-Gehalte im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten als nutzungselastischer.The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of several grain legumes in monocropping (peas, Pisum sativum L.; faba beans, Vicia faba L.; narrow-leafed lupins, Lupinus angustifolius L.; barley, Hordeum vulgare L.; oats, Avena sativa L.) and in intercropping with cereals (pea-barley (EG), faba bean-oats (AH), narrow-leafed lupin- barley (LG)) grown for whole crop forage. Samples were taken in intervals from 7 to 14 days, starting after emergence in late spring, in order to study the dynamics of dry matter production, dry matter content, crude protein yield and protein content and energy yield and energy content in the dry matter. At the end of the sampling period peas, faba beans, barley and oats reached grain maturity (BBCH 99), as lupins achieved only the early drought stage stadium (BBCH 85). The monocropped peas, faba beans and narrow-leafed lupins have a similar maximum dry matter yield of 900-970 g DM m-2 but peas reached earlier the maximum dry matter yield due to their faster phenological development. During growth period monocropped faba beans and lupins reached higher Crude protein concentrations than monocropped peas, which have higher dry matter and energy content vice versa. Intercropping EG and AB leads to similar dry matter and energy yields like the monocrops. The LG mixture reached higher dry matter and energy yields than the monocropped lupins. Generally intercropping pulses with cereals in comparison to the monocropped grain legumes leads to higher dry matter content and to lower crude protein yield and concentration in the dry matter. The percentage of legumes of the intercropped swards were very different, with the highest legume content found in the EG with 70-80% followed by the AH with 30-40% and LG with 20-50%. The development of the dry matter yield and crude protein content of oats and barley in pure stand was similar but barley achieved higher energy concentrations after the beginning of flowering

Corundum-quartz metastability: the role of silicon diffusion in corundum

The synthesis of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs kyanite, sillimanite and andalusite in a pure Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (ASH) system has long been known to be impeded. In order to decipher individual aspects of the reaction: corundum + SiO2aq, which repeatedly fails to produce thermodynamically stable Al2SiO5, we conducted experiments within the stability fields of kyanite and sillimanite (500–800 ℃; 0.2–1 GPa) with the aim of forming reaction coronas on corundum. Results showed that metastable corundum + quartz assemblages form persistently in pure ASH, even in Al2SiO5 seeded experiments, despite the presence of catalyzing fluid and evidence of fast reaction kinetics. Coronas on corundum spontaneously formed when additional components (Na, K, N, and Mg) were added to the experiment. In a similar experiment with baddeleyite (ZrO2) instead of corundum in silica saturated water, a zircon corona formed readily. This implies that nucleation and growth of Al2SiO5 is obstructed under conditions of Al and Si saturation in aqueous fluid, while both corundum and quartz saturated aqueous fluid are willing participants in other reactions towards stable corona formation. Instead of Al2SiO5 precipitation, an unexpected fluid-aided silica diffusion process into corundum was documented. The latter included the formation of nanometer wide hydrous silicate layers along the basal plane of the corundum host, which enhanced the silica diffusion rate drastically, leading to silica supersaturation in the host mineral, and ultimately to precipitation of quartz inside corundum. We conclude that the natural metastable assemblage of quartz and corundum is not necessarily the result of dry or fluid absent conditions, given that the aqueous fluid in experiments does not promote Al2SiO5 formation, but rather seems to support the formation and preservation of a metastable assemblage

Assessing the Potential of Diverse Forage Mixtures to Reduce Enteric CH\u3csub\u3e4\u3c/sub\u3e Emissions

Enteric methane (CH4) is a main source of agriculture-related greenhouse gasses. Conversely, pasture is increasingly demanded by customers due to both perceived and real benefits regarding animal welfare, environmental aspects and product quality. However, if implemented poorly, CH4 emissions can increase, thus contributing to climate change. One promising option to reduce enteric CH4 emissions are plant specialized metabolites (PSM), and particularly tannins. Consequently, we conducted two complementary experiments to determine to what extent enteric CH4 emissions can be reduced, and how this affects milk yields: a) an in vivo experiment with grazing Jersey cows, where CH4 emissions were quantified using the SF6 tracer technique, and b) an in vitro experiment using the Hohenheim gas test. In the in vivo experiment, a binary mixture consisting of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) was compared against a diverse mixture consisting of eight species, including birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), and salad burnet (Sanguisorba minor). In the in vitro experiment, the eight species from the in vivo experiment were combined in binary mixtures with perennial ryegrass in increasing proportions, to determine the mitigation potential of each species. Results show an increase in milk yield for the diverse mixture, although this is also accompanied by higher CH4 emissions. Nevertheless, these emissions are lower across both mixtures, when compared with similar trials. This is probably due to a very high digestibility of the ingested forage. With the in vitro experiment, we were able to confirm a substantial potential for CH4 reduction when including species rich in PSM. However, those forbs with the higher anti-methanogenic potential were only present in minor proportions in the pasture. Hence, further research will be required on how to increase the share of the bioactive species with lower competitiveness and confirm their potential in vivo

HEATR2 Plays a Conserved Role in Assembly of the Ciliary Motile Apparatus

Cilia are highly conserved microtubule-based structures that perform a variety of sensory and motility functions during development and adult homeostasis. In humans, defects specifically affecting motile cilia lead to chronic airway infections, infertility and laterality defects in the genetically heterogeneous disorder Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD). Using the comparatively simple Drosophila system, in which mechanosensory neurons possess modified motile cilia, we employed a recently elucidated cilia transcriptional RFX-FOX code to identify novel PCD candidate genes. Here, we report characterization of CG31320/HEATR2, which plays a conserved critical role in forming the axonemal dynein arms required for ciliary motility in both flies and humans. Inner and outer arm dyneins are absent from axonemes of CG31320 mutant flies and from PCD individuals with a novel splice-acceptor HEATR2 mutation. Functional conservation of closely arranged RFX-FOX binding sites upstream of HEATR2 orthologues may drive higher cytoplasmic expression of HEATR2 during early motile ciliogenesis. Immunoprecipitation reveals HEATR2 interacts with DNAI2, but not HSP70 or HSP90, distinguishing it from the client/chaperone functions described for other cytoplasmic proteins required for dynein arm assembly such as DNAAF1-4. These data implicate CG31320/HEATR2 in a growing intracellular pre-assembly and transport network that is necessary to deliver functional dynein machinery to the ciliary compartment for integration into the motile axoneme